Deck 1 Flashcards
What is blood’s main role in the body?
Blood transports nutrients, gases, and waste and helps regulate body temperature, pH, and fluid balance.
What are the two main components of blood?
Plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
What are the formed elements in blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What percentage of blood is plasma?
55%.
What is plasma primarily made of?
90% water and 10% dissolved elements like nutrients, hormones, and proteins.
What role does plasma play in blood?
Plasma transports nutrients, hormones, proteins, and helps with clotting and immunity.
Name three types of proteins found in plasma.
Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
What process forms blood cells?
Hematopoiesis.
Where are blood cells produced?
In the red bone marrow.
What is the function of erythrocytes (RBCs)?
Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
What is hemoglobin?
An iron-rich protein in RBCs that binds oxygen.
What color does hemoglobin turn when it binds to oxygen?
Bright red.
Which cells lack a nucleus and cannot divide?
Red blood cells (RBCs).
What are leukocytes responsible for?
Healing and immune response.
What are the two broad categories of leukocytes?
Granular and agranular.
Name three types of granular leukocytes.
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
What role do neutrophils play?
They fight infections.
What role do eosinophils play?
They combat parasites.
What role do basophils play?
They respond to allergies.
Name two types of agranular leukocytes - (immune Response). (WBC)
Lymphocytes & monocytes
What determines a person’s blood type?
Antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
What are the four ABO blood types?
A, B, AB, and O.
What is the Rh factor?
An antigen that can be present (+) or absent (-) on RBCs.
Which blood type has no ABO antigens?
Type O.
What happens if a person with Rh- blood receives Rh+ blood?
Their immune system may attack the Rh+ blood on a second exposure.
What antibodies are found in Type A blood?
Antibodies against Type B.
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
What is the function of arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart.
What is the function of veins?
Return blood to the heart.
What is unique about capillaries?
They have thin walls allowing nutrient and waste exchange.
What is the main structural difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries have thicker muscle layers than veins.
What is the function of one-way valves in veins?
Prevent backflow of blood.
What are the four parts of the aorta?
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta.
What muscle layer in arteries controls blood pressure?
Smooth muscle layer.
What do precapillary sphincters regulate?
The flow of blood into capillaries.
What are the two main circuits of the cardiovascular system?
Systemic and pulmonary circuits.
What is the function of the systemic circuit?
Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood.
What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?
Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood.
Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood in the pulmonary circuit?
Pulmonary veins.
Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood in the systemic circuit?
Veins.
What is hemostasis?
The process that stops bleeding.
What are the three main steps in hemostasis?
Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood clot formation.
What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
They plug ruptured blood vessels and help form clots.
What protein forms threads in blood clots?
Fibrin.
What triggers blood clotting?
Exposure of blood to substances other than the lining of blood vessels.
How many clotting factors are involved in coagulation?
Twelve.
What are the three methods of capillary exchange?
Diffusion, blood pressure, and osmotic pressure.
What substances do capillaries exchange?
Nutrients, gases, and waste.
Where does blood flow after leaving capillaries?
Into venules.
What is the hepatic portal system?
A special venous system that delivers blood from digestive organs to the liver.
What is the liver’s role in the hepatic portal system?
Filters nutrients and toxins before blood reaches systemic circulation.
Through which vein does the liver return cleansed blood?
The hepatic vein.
Define hematopoiesis.
The process of forming blood cells.
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen.
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells involved in the immune response.
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets that play a key role in blood clotting.
What is the primary function of albumin in blood plasma?
Maintains osmotic pressure.
What does the presence of antigens on RBCs determine?
Blood type.
What is the function of antibodies in the blood?
They attack foreign substances.
Why is the liver vital in blood detoxification?
It removes toxins before they reach the heart.
What is the main role of fibrin in blood clotting?
Fibrin forms a mesh that traps blood cells and platelets to form a clot.
Which organ stores excess nutrients in the hepatic portal system?
The liver stores excess nutrients for later use.
What is a primary function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues.
What type of blood cells are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells (RBCs).
Which white blood cell type is most numerous in the blood?
Neutrophils.
Which white blood cells are primarily involved in allergic responses?
Basophils.
What component in red blood cells binds with oxygen?
Hemoglobin.
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
Type O-.
Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?
Type AB+.
How does blood help regulate body temperature?
By distributing heat throughout the body.
What are platelets also known as?
Thrombocytes.
What type of blood cell has no nucleus and is biconcave in shape?
Red blood cells.
How does blood help regulate pH balance?
By buffering acids and bases in the body.
Where does the hepatic portal vein carry blood from and to?
From the digestive organs to the liver.
What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?
Approximately 120 days.
What does the systemic circuit do with deoxygenated blood?
Returns it to the heart via veins.
What is the main purpose of the pulmonary circuit?
To exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs.
What cells produce antibodies in response to antigens?
B lymphocytes.
How do veins differ structurally from arteries?
Veins have thinner walls and contain valves to prevent backflow.
What is the largest artery in the body?
The aorta.
What is the role of the left ventricle?
It pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.
Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
The right atrium.
What valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle?
The aortic valve.
Which valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
The tricuspid valve.
Where is the mitral valve located?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle.
What is the pericardium?
A protective membrane surrounding the heart.
How does blood flow from the heart to the lungs?
Through the pulmonary arteries.
What vessels return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
The pulmonary veins.
What is the myocardium?
The muscular layer of the heart wall.
What is the endocardium?
The inner lining of the heart chambers.
Define vasoconstriction.
The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.
Define vasodilation.
The widening of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.
What is the primary function of capillaries?
To allow for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between blood and tissues.
Define arterioles.
Small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries.
Define venules.
Small veins that collect blood from capillaries and transport it to larger veins.
What does hematopoiesis mean?
The formation of blood cells.
What is fibrinogen?
A protein in plasma that helps in blood clotting by converting to fibrin.
Define leukocytosis.
An increase in white blood cell count, often due to infection or inflammation.
What is hypoxia?
A deficiency of oxygen reaching the body tissues.
What is the function of albumin in blood plasma?
It helps maintain the osmotic pressure and volume of blood.
