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BIO quiz 2 > Deck 1 > Flashcards

Deck 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe complete dominance

A

Heterozygous phenotype same as that of homozygous dominant (

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2
Q

Describe incomplete dominance

A

Heterozygous phenotype intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes (flower color)

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3
Q

Describe codominance. Example?

A

Both phenotypes expressed in hetereozygotes. Human blood cell

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4
Q

Describe multiple alleles. Example?

A

Some genes have more than two alleles. Human blood type (IA, IB, i)

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5
Q

Describe pleiotropy

A

One gene affects multiple phenotypic characters

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6
Q

Epistasis

A

Many genes influence a single trait

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7
Q

What cross did Mendel perform to discover law of independent assortment?

A

Dihybrid cross

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8
Q

Condition for independent assortment

A

Genes on different chromosomes

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9
Q

Marfan Syndrome is an example of _____

A

Genetic pleiotropy

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10
Q

Labrador Retriever coat color is an example of _____

A

Epistasis

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11
Q

Units for map units

A

cM (centi Morgans)

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12
Q

Frequency of recombinant offspring directly correlates to _____

A

Distance between two genes

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13
Q

Name the scientist that contributed to gene mapping

A

Alfred Sturtevant

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14
Q

Hemizygote

A

Having one member of chromosome pair rather than two

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15
Q

Describe the chromosomal differences in bacteria and eukaryots

A

Bacterial chromosomes are circular and associated with smaller amount of protein

Eukaryote chromosomes are linear and associated with larger amount of protein

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16
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and protein

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17
Q

Name of component used for first level of packing in protein

A

Histones

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18
Q

DNA is a polymer made up of _____

A

Nucleotides

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19
Q

Proteins are composed of _____

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

3 steps to achieve protein synthesis

A
  1. mRNA synthesis in nucleus
  2. mRNA moves outside the cytoplasm
  3. mRNA is translated by ribosomes to make proteins
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21
Q

3 scientists responsible for study on DNA

A

Watson, Crick, Franklin

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22
Q

Describe three components of nucelotide

A
  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. Phosphate group/backbone
  3. 5-carbon sugar
23
Q

Nucleotide variation in DNA and RNA

A

DNA: ACTG
RNA: ACUG

24
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single ring, Cytosine, uracil, Thymine

25
Q

Purines

A

Double ring, Adenine, Guanine

26
Q

Bond connecting phosphate backbone in DNA

A

Phosphodiester bonds

27
Q

What is the 5’ group called

A

Phosphate group

28
Q

What is the 3’ group called

A

Hydroxyl group

29
Q

In which location does ribose and deoxyribose differ in

A

2’. Ribose has -OH, while deoxyribse has -H

30
Q

Draw the structure if ribose and deoxyribose

A

.

31
Q

In which direction is the sequence of DNA written?

A

5’ -> 3’

32
Q

Is “primary structure of DNA” single or double-stranded?

A

Single-strand of nucleotide sequences

33
Q

Structure of nitrogenous bases

A

.

34
Q

Clues about spacing

A
  1. Space between helixes was known (X-rays)
  2. # ’s equal (purines = pyrimidines)
35
Q

Chargaff’s Rules

A
  1. # ’s equal (T = A)
  2. # ’s equal (C = G)
36
Q

Name of bond responsible for holding nitrogenous bases together

A

Hydrogen bonds (enol, keto), H - O, H - N, respectively

37
Q

Which nitrogenous base bonds are stronger? Why?

A

C - G stronger than A - T because the former has 3 hydrogen bonds while the latter has 2.

38
Q

4 enzymes involved in DNA replication

A
  1. (RNA) Helicase
  2. Primase
  3. DNA polymerase
  4. Ligase
39
Q

Where does DNA replication start

A

3’ end of TEMPLATE strand

40
Q

Mutation

A

Any permanent changes in DNA

41
Q

What enzyme has main proofreading activity

A

DNA polymerase

42
Q

Diseases causes by errors in proof reading mechanisms

A
  1. Lynch syndrome (autosomal dominant)
  2. Xeroderma pigmentosum
43
Q

Two types of mutations . Which one is passed on?

A
  1. Somatic mutations
  2. Gametic mutations

Gametic mutations are passed on
- caused by mistake in DNA replication during meiosis

44
Q

Huntington’s disease is an example of _____ . Willams Syndrome is also an example of this mutation.

A

Autosomal dominant mutation

45
Q

Example of autosomal recessive mutation

A

Cystic fibrosis, tay-schs disease

46
Q

Human mutation rate

A

1.5 * 10^(-8)

47
Q

Human haploid genome size

A

3.3 billion base pairs of nucleotides

48
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein
Transcription, translation

49
Q

Example of reverse transcription

A

HIV

50
Q

What are coding regions of a gene called

A

Exons

51
Q

Are both exons and introns present in pre-mRNA?

A

Yes

52
Q

Do point mutations always alter amino acid

A

Not always. May or may not

53
Q

Four types of genetic mutation

A
  1. Point mutation
  2. Frameshift mutation
  3. Chromosomal rearrangements
  4. Gene duplication
54
Q

Five types of structural mutation

A
  1. Duplication
  2. Deletion
  3. Inversion
  4. Fission
  5. Fusion

BIO quiz 2 (1 decks)

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