Deck 1 Flashcards by Cheyanne Green

Name the 4 IM injection sites

. Ventrogluteal
. Deltoid
. Vastus Lateralis
. Dorsogluteal (not used due to sciatic nerve)

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What are the 3 methods of collecting data?

Self report- what the patient says
Behavioural- how the patient behaves
Physiological- clinical observation

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What is the PQRST pain assessment tool?

P- provoking factors
Q- quality
R- radiation
S- severity
T- time

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Define determinants of health

Factors that influence how likely a person is to stay healthy or become ill/injured

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What are the 5 determinants of health

. Physical/biomedical factors
. Environmental factors
. Social influences
. Behavioural risk factors
. Genetics

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What is critical thinking?

The cognitive process of analysing thoughts and knowledge

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What is clinical reasoning?

The process of analysing information and and drawing conclusions to identify health issues or problems (critical thinking in clinical situations)

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What is clinical judgement

The applications of both critical thinking and clinical reasoning in identifying and addressing patients needs

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What is subjective data?

A patients experience

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What is objective data?

A nurses evaluation/assessment

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Name the 5 step clinical judgement process

Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation

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Describe acute vs chronic illness

Acute: less than 3 months
Chronic: more than 3 months

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What should be done on a patient admission?

. A-E assessment
. Vitals
. Risk assessments
. Alerts and allergies
. Medical and surgical history
. Skin integrity
. Current medications
. Mobility status

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What is pharmacodynamics?

The study of a medications mechanism of action

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What is pharmacokinetics? (ADME)

The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and exertion of medication

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What is pharmacogenetics?

The study of the genetic factors that influence how a medication works on a person

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What is pharmacology?

The study of history sources + physical and chemical properties of medications

What factors influence drug absorption?

. Route
. Dissolvability
. Blood blow
. PH
. Food
. Lipid solubility

What factors influence drug absorption?

. Route
. Dissolvability
. Blood flow
. Ph
. Lipid solubility
. Food

What factors influence drug distribution?

. Physical properties
. Chemical properties
. Physiology of the patient

Name methods of excretion

Kidneys
Faeces
Exhalation
Excreted in breastmilk, saliva or sweat

What is Nociception?

The process of communicating information regarding tissue damage to the central nervous system

What are the 4 processes of Nociception?

. Transduction
. Transmission
. Perception
. Modulation

Name the metabolic pathways

. Oxidation
. Reduction
. Hydrolysis
. Hydration
. Conjugation
. Condensation

Where are enzymes for metabolism found in a higher concentration?

The liver

Explain a medication with a half life of 12 hours

. In 12 hours half of the drug would be gone . In a further 12 hours another half . And so on

List some times of medication errors

. Omission . Wrong time . Wrong dose . Wrong medication . Wrong route . Wrong patient

How can medication errors be prevented?

. Follow the 6 rights . Optimise communication . Minimise distractions . Follow polices and procedures . Accurate documentation . Reporting drug errors . Using drug guides

What regulations are there for medication safety?

. Therapeutic goods act . Medicines and poison act . Medicines and poison regulation . NSQHS standard 4

What is the definition of pain?

An unpleasant, sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential soft tissue injury

Explain 1. Transduction of nociception

.Noxious stimuli cause cell damage with the release of sensitising chemicals (histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, substance P, bradykinin) . These substances activate nociceptors and lead to generation of action potential

Explain 2. Transduction in nociception

Action potential continues from: . Site of injury to spinal cord . Spinal cord to brain stem and thalamus . Thalamus to cortex for processing

Explain 3. Perception of nociception

Conscious experience of pain

Explain 4. Modulation of nociception

Neurons in the brainstem descend to the spinal cord and release substances (eg endogenous opioids) that inhibit nociceptive impulses

What is acute pain?

Pain less than 3-6 months, directly related to soft tissue damage. Resolves in a short amount of time

What is chronic pain?

More than 6 months of occurrence, impacts every age group

What is cancer pain?

Pain caused by cancer diagnostic, tumours, therapeutic interventions or cancer treatment

What is nociceptive pain?

Results from noxious stimuli, initiating nociception

What is neuropathic pain?

Results from dysfunction of peripheral or central nervous system. Can be sudden Or chronic

What are the principles of pain management?

. Holistic approach . Use pharmacological and non pharmacological therapies . Multimodal approach to analgesia