Deck 1

Question 1

Name the 4 IM injection sites

Answer 1

. Ventrogluteal
. Deltoid
. Vastus Lateralis
. Dorsogluteal (not used due to sciatic nerve)

Question 2

What are the 3 methods of collecting data?

Answer 2

Self report- what the patient says
Behavioural- how the patient behaves
Physiological- clinical observation

Question 3

What is the PQRST pain assessment tool?

Answer 3

P- provoking factors
Q- quality
R- radiation
S- severity
T- time

Question 4

Define determinants of health

Answer 4

Factors that influence how likely a person is to stay healthy or become ill/injured

Question 5

What are the 5 determinants of health

Answer 5

. Physical/biomedical factors
. Environmental factors
. Social influences
. Behavioural risk factors
. Genetics

Question 6

What is critical thinking?

Answer 6

The cognitive process of analysing thoughts and knowledge

Question 7

What is clinical reasoning?

Answer 7

The process of analysing information and and drawing conclusions to identify health issues or problems (critical thinking in clinical situations)

Question 8

What is clinical judgement

Answer 8

The applications of both critical thinking and clinical reasoning in identifying and addressing patients needs

Question 9

What is subjective data?

Answer 9

A patients experience

Question 10

What is objective data?

Answer 10

A nurses evaluation/assessment

Question 11

Name the 5 step clinical judgement process

Answer 11

Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation

Question 12

Describe acute vs chronic illness

Answer 12

Acute: less than 3 months
Chronic: more than 3 months

Question 13

What should be done on a patient admission?

Answer 13

. A-E assessment
. Vitals
. Risk assessments
. Alerts and allergies
. Medical and surgical history
. Skin integrity
. Current medications
. Mobility status

Question 14

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 14

The study of a medications mechanism of action

Question 15

What is pharmacokinetics? (ADME)

Answer 15

The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and exertion of medication

Question 16

What is pharmacogenetics?

Answer 16

The study of the genetic factors that influence how a medication works on a person

Question 17

What is pharmacology?

Answer 17

The study of history sources + physical and chemical properties of medications

Question 18

What factors influence drug absorption?

Answer 18

. Route
. Dissolvability
. Blood blow
. PH
. Food
. Lipid solubility

Question 19

What factors influence drug absorption?

Answer 19

. Route
. Dissolvability
. Blood flow
. Ph
. Lipid solubility
. Food

Question 20

What factors influence drug distribution?

Answer 20

. Physical properties
. Chemical properties
. Physiology of the patient

Question 21

Name methods of excretion

Answer 21

Kidneys
Faeces
Exhalation
Excreted in breastmilk, saliva or sweat

Question 22

What is Nociception?

Answer 22

The process of communicating information regarding tissue damage to the central nervous system

Question 23

What are the 4 processes of Nociception?

Answer 23

. Transduction
. Transmission
. Perception
. Modulation

Question 24

Name the metabolic pathways

Answer 24

. Oxidation
. Reduction
. Hydrolysis
. Hydration
. Conjugation
. Condensation

Question 25

Where are enzymes for metabolism found in a higher concentration?

Answer 25

The liver

Question 26

Explain a medication with a half life of 12 hours

Answer 26

. In 12 hours half of the drug would be gone
. In a further 12 hours another half
. And so on

Question 27

List some times of medication errors

Answer 27

. Omission
. Wrong time
. Wrong dose
. Wrong medication
. Wrong route
. Wrong patient

Question 28

How can medication errors be prevented?

Answer 28

. Follow the 6 rights
. Optimise communication
. Minimise distractions
. Follow polices and procedures
. Accurate documentation
. Reporting drug errors
. Using drug guides

Question 29

What regulations are there for medication safety?

Answer 29

. Therapeutic goods act
. Medicines and poison act
. Medicines and poison regulation
. NSQHS standard 4

Question 30

What is the definition of pain?

Answer 30

An unpleasant, sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential soft tissue injury

Question 31

Explain 1. Transduction of nociception

Answer 31

.Noxious stimuli cause cell damage with the release of sensitising chemicals (histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, substance P, bradykinin)

. These substances activate nociceptors and lead to generation of action potential

Question 32

Explain 2. Transduction in nociception

Answer 32

Action potential continues from:
. Site of injury to spinal cord
. Spinal cord to brain stem and thalamus
. Thalamus to cortex for processing

Question 33

Explain 3. Perception of nociception

Answer 33

Conscious experience of pain

Question 34

Explain 4. Modulation of nociception

Answer 34

Neurons in the brainstem descend to the spinal cord and release substances (eg endogenous opioids) that inhibit nociceptive impulses

Question 35

What is acute pain?

Answer 35

Pain less than 3-6 months, directly related to soft tissue damage. Resolves in a short amount of time

Question 36

What is chronic pain?

Answer 36

More than 6 months of occurrence, impacts every age group

Question 37

What is cancer pain?

Answer 37

Pain caused by cancer diagnostic, tumours, therapeutic interventions or cancer treatment

Question 38

What is nociceptive pain?

Answer 38

Results from noxious stimuli, initiating nociception

Question 39

What is neuropathic pain?

Answer 39

Results from dysfunction of peripheral or central nervous system. Can be sudden Or chronic

Question 40

What are the principles of pain management?

Answer 40

. Holistic approach
. Use pharmacological and non pharmacological therapies
. Multimodal approach to analgesia