Deck 1 Flashcards
Name the 4 IM injection sites
. Ventrogluteal
. Deltoid
. Vastus Lateralis
. Dorsogluteal (not used due to sciatic nerve)
What are the 3 methods of collecting data?
Self report- what the patient says
Behavioural- how the patient behaves
Physiological- clinical observation
What is the PQRST pain assessment tool?
P- provoking factors
Q- quality
R- radiation
S- severity
T- time
Define determinants of health
Factors that influence how likely a person is to stay healthy or become ill/injured
What are the 5 determinants of health
. Physical/biomedical factors
. Environmental factors
. Social influences
. Behavioural risk factors
. Genetics
What is critical thinking?
The cognitive process of analysing thoughts and knowledge
What is clinical reasoning?
The process of analysing information and and drawing conclusions to identify health issues or problems (critical thinking in clinical situations)
What is clinical judgement
The applications of both critical thinking and clinical reasoning in identifying and addressing patients needs
What is subjective data?
A patients experience
What is objective data?
A nurses evaluation/assessment
Name the 5 step clinical judgement process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Describe acute vs chronic illness
Acute: less than 3 months
Chronic: more than 3 months
What should be done on a patient admission?
. A-E assessment
. Vitals
. Risk assessments
. Alerts and allergies
. Medical and surgical history
. Skin integrity
. Current medications
. Mobility status
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of a medications mechanism of action
What is pharmacokinetics? (ADME)
The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and exertion of medication
What is pharmacogenetics?
The study of the genetic factors that influence how a medication works on a person
What is pharmacology?
The study of history sources + physical and chemical properties of medications
What factors influence drug absorption?
. Route
. Dissolvability
. Blood blow
. PH
. Food
. Lipid solubility
What factors influence drug absorption?
. Route
. Dissolvability
. Blood flow
. Ph
. Lipid solubility
. Food
What factors influence drug distribution?
. Physical properties
. Chemical properties
. Physiology of the patient
Name methods of excretion
Kidneys
Faeces
Exhalation
Excreted in breastmilk, saliva or sweat
What is Nociception?
The process of communicating information regarding tissue damage to the central nervous system
What are the 4 processes of Nociception?
. Transduction
. Transmission
. Perception
. Modulation
Name the metabolic pathways
. Oxidation
. Reduction
. Hydrolysis
. Hydration
. Conjugation
. Condensation
Where are enzymes for metabolism found in a higher concentration?
The liver
Explain a medication with a half life of 12 hours
. In 12 hours half of the drug would be gone
. In a further 12 hours another half
. And so on
List some times of medication errors
. Omission
. Wrong time
. Wrong dose
. Wrong medication
. Wrong route
. Wrong patient
How can medication errors be prevented?
. Follow the 6 rights
. Optimise communication
. Minimise distractions
. Follow polices and procedures
. Accurate documentation
. Reporting drug errors
. Using drug guides
What regulations are there for medication safety?
. Therapeutic goods act
. Medicines and poison act
. Medicines and poison regulation
. NSQHS standard 4
What is the definition of pain?
An unpleasant, sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential soft tissue injury
Explain 1. Transduction of nociception
.Noxious stimuli cause cell damage with the release of sensitising chemicals (histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, substance P, bradykinin)
. These substances activate nociceptors and lead to generation of action potential
Explain 2. Transduction in nociception
Action potential continues from:
. Site of injury to spinal cord
. Spinal cord to brain stem and thalamus
. Thalamus to cortex for processing
Explain 3. Perception of nociception
Conscious experience of pain
Explain 4. Modulation of nociception
Neurons in the brainstem descend to the spinal cord and release substances (eg endogenous opioids) that inhibit nociceptive impulses
What is acute pain?
Pain less than 3-6 months, directly related to soft tissue damage. Resolves in a short amount of time
What is chronic pain?
More than 6 months of occurrence, impacts every age group
What is cancer pain?
Pain caused by cancer diagnostic, tumours, therapeutic interventions or cancer treatment
What is nociceptive pain?
Results from noxious stimuli, initiating nociception
What is neuropathic pain?
Results from dysfunction of peripheral or central nervous system. Can be sudden Or chronic
What are the principles of pain management?
. Holistic approach
. Use pharmacological and non pharmacological therapies
. Multimodal approach to analgesia
