Deck 1

Question 1

Define diarrhea and name the types:

Answer 1

Diarrhea is increased fecal fluidity and volume of feces or frequency of defecation

3 types: secretory, osmotic and malabsorptive

Question 2

Name 4 consequences of acute pancreatitis:

Answer 2

Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Coagulation necrosis
Fat necrosis
Pulmonary oedema
Paralytic ileus

Question 3

Describe ileus and name 3 types:

Answer 3

Ileus is prolonged transfer time of digesta from pylorus to anus

3 types: mechanical, adynamic and spastic ileus

Question 4

Consequences of proximal small intestine simple obstruction:

Answer 4

Muscular weakness
Intestinal atony
Metabolic alkalosis

Question 5

Describe one mechanism of impaired drug detoxification in liver dysfunction:

Answer 5

Presence of large class drugs inactivated by phase I enzymes in the bloodstream increases the amount and activity of these enzymes in the liver.

Patient chronically consumes large amount of a substance metabolized by phase I enzymes (ex ethanol) causes an increase in level of this enzymes, and this causes increased metabolism of other substances metabolized by the same enzymes.
This leads to sub-therapeutic blood levels of this drug.

Question 6

Describe diabetes insipidus and name 3 causes:

Answer 6

Diabetes insipidus is a syndrome of polyuria and polydipsia resulting from inability to concentrate urine as a result of lack of vasopressin action.

3 causes: diseases of the CNS, kidney disease or increased metabolic clearance of vasopressin.

Question 7

Describe mechanism of development of hypoglycemia in piglets:

Answer 7

• up to 10 days after birth
• thermoregulation not fully developed
• low environmental temperature
• heat loss and glycogenolysis
• hypoglycemia (convulsions and death)

Question 8

What is paralytic ileus?

Answer 8

It involves a neurogenic reflex that halts normal intestinal motility.
Causes: trauma, peritonitis, electrolyte imbalance, spasmolytic agent, acute distension obstruction of abdominal organs

Question 9

Fatty liver or kidney in poultry:

Answer 9

• 3-4 weeks of age
• sudden lethargy, paralysis, death
• excessive accumulation of fat in liver and/or kidneys
  Causes: deficiency of biotin
• decreased activity of pyruvate carboxylase
• decreased gluconeogenesis
• decreased ability of liver to remove pyruvate
• increased pyruvate and lactate in blood
• lactate acidosis

Poultry is not getting enough feed
- increased utilization of glycogen storage
- hypoglycemia
- mobilisation of proteins and fatty acids for gluconeogenesis
- increased fatty acids in plasma
- fatty liver and kidney

Poultry is getting free access to feed - normoglycemia

Question 10

What is hernia?

Answer 10

Hernia is a protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal muscles or through the inguinal ring

Question 11

Describe mechanism of excessive accumulation of fat in liver?

Answer 11

1. increased mobilisation of fat from adipocytes or hydrolysis of lipoprotein due to hypoglycemia
2. decreased transport of VLDL into the blood (metabolic block in the production of proteins)
3. excessive chylomicron intake. high fat and low protein diet - decreased synthesis of transport proteins for lipids
4. impaired oxidation of fatty acids
5. essential fatty acid deficiency
   – activation of FFAs synthesis

Question 12

What is myxedema?

Answer 12

Myxedema is increased accumulation of protein complexes with polysaccharides, sulfuric acid and hyaluronic acid in the subcutaneous space.
Hypothyroidism - sodium and water are also retained - edematous deposition of polysaccharides

Question 13

Characterise icterus, kernicterus and neonatal jaundice:

Answer 13

Icterus: jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia, yellow discolouration of scleras and skin

Kernicterus: not fully developed blood-brain barrier in newborns, unconjugated bilirubin can cross into brain and damage ganglia

Neonatal jaundice: immature liver cells, not fully functional conjugation enzymes leading to jaundice

Question 14

Problems caused by decreased proteins in the blood:

Answer 14

1. Hypoalbuminemia
2. Decreased synthesis of plasma clotting factors
3. Decreased synthesis of ceruloplasmin
4. Decreased transferrin synthesis
5. Decreased synthesis of apoproteins by the liver

Question 15

Function of hormones in the liver

Answer 15

1. Target organ for effect of hormones
2. Activator of prohormones
3. Provide second-messenger hormones
4. Provides transport for protein-to-hormone dispersal
5. Degradation or excretion of hormones by their metabolites

Question 16

Characterize cholestasis and name 3 causes:

Answer 16

Cholestasis is failure to secrete bile

Causes: extrahepatic obstruction, selective dysfunction of bile synthesis and secreting machinery within the hepatocytes themselves

Question 17

Characterize portal hypertension and name 3 causes:

Answer 17

Portal hypertension - restricted blood flow through the liver to the inferior vena cava and beyond

Causes:
posthepatic causes (obstruction, cardiac, pericardial, pulmonary outflow)
hepatic (reduction of sinusoidal flow, collagenization of the sinusoids, cirrhosis)
prehepatic causes (restricted blood flow (portal vein))

Question 18

Characterize jaundice, name 3 causes:

Answer 18

Jaundice is yellow discolouration of sclera and skin, caused by increased bilirubin in the blood, hyperbilirubinemia

Causes: excessive lysis of red blood cells, breakdown in the liver’s ability to conjugate or excrete bilirubin, obstruction of the bile duct system

Question 19

Name 3 causes of hepatic encephalopathy:

Answer 19

Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychriatic syndrome characterized by augmented neural inhibition

Causes:
GIT bleeding
Increased dietary protein intake
Increased catabolic rate due to infection
Some drugs
Constipation

Question 20

Porto-systemic shunt, causes and consequences:

Answer 20

Hepatic shunting - bypass of the congested liver vessels and returning to the inferior vena cava via alternative routes due to portal hypertension

Causes: posthepatic, hepatic, prehepatic

Consequences: coagulation defects, increased risk of hepatic encephalopathy, hypoalbuminemia - ascites, increased tendency for bleeding