Deck 01 Flashcards
What is saddle nose deformity
result of nasal trauma; whereby septal support to the nose is lost, and subsequently the middle part of the nose appears sunken. It is either direct damage to bone or cartilage or septal hematoma
Which nerve innervates the facial/nasal muscles?
Facial nerve (CN 7)
Muscles of the nose and function:
Procerus: contraction causes wrinkling of superior dorsum and depressing medial eyebrow
Nasalis: Assists procerus and flares the nares
Depressor septi nasi: assists Nasalis
What is the lymphatic drainage of external nose
Deep cervical LN
What is the arterial and venous supply of external nose?
a: facial artery, maxillary and opthalmic arteries
v: facial vein (internal jugular)
What is the innervation of the external nose?
Sensory supply is from trigeminal (opthalmic and maxillary branches)
Motor supply to nasal muscles of expression is from facial n.
What is danger triangle of the face?
Communication of the facial vein and the cavernous sinus via opthalmic vein
infections from navel cavity can spread to the brain causing meningitis, abscess or cavernous sinus thrombosis
What are paranasal sinuses and how many are there?
Air filled extensions of nasal cavity lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells
There are 4 sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Function of the paranasal sinuses?
- Lightening the weight of the head
- Supporting immune defense of the nasal cavity
- Humidifying inspired air
- Increasing resonance of the voice
Nerve and arterial supply of frontal sinus?
Nerve: Supraorbital (opthalmic branch)
Artery: ethmoidal (IC branch)
Nerve and arterial supply of sphenoid sinus?
Nerve: Post. ethmoidal (opthalmic branch)
Artery: Maxillary arteries
What is endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery (ETSS) done for?
Accessing and dealing with a pituitary adenoma
sphenoid bone shares a close anatomical relationship with the pituitary gland.
How many ethmoidal sinuses are there? What is their supply and innervation?
3 (ant, middle, post.)
A: ant/post ethmoidal arteries
N: ant/post ethmoidal nerve (branch of maxillary and nasociliary)
Why can maxillary sinusitis present with toothache?
Because maxillary n. supplies both maxillary sinus and maxillary teeth - so inflammation will cause this
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
4 Functions
1- Warms and humidifies air
2- Clears/drains paranasal sinuses
3- Removes/traps pathogens
4- Sense of smell
3 divisions of nasal cavity?
Vestibule, respiratory region, olfactory region
Vasculature of nasal cavity?
Comes from IC and EC a. Anterior ethmoidal artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery (IC)
Sphenopalatine artery
Greater palatine artery
Superior labial artery
Lateral nasal arteries (EC)
Vasculature of nasal cavity?
Comes from IC and EC a. Anterior ethmoidal artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery (IC)
Sphenopalatine artery
Greater palatine artery
Superior labial artery
Lateral nasal arteries (EC)
What is epistaxis?
Nosebleed. Due to the rich blood supply of the nose, this is common
most likely to occur in the anterior third of the nasal cavity – this area is known as the Kiesselbach area.
3 auditory ossicles
incus, stapes, malleus
2 muscles which have a protective function in the ear
Tensor tympanii and stapedius
They contract in response to loud noise, inhibiting the vibrations of the malleus, incus and stapes, and reducing the transmission of sound to the inner ear. This action is known as the acoustic reflex.
Function of Eustachian tube
equalise the pressure of the middle ear to that of the external auditory meatus
What is otitis externa?
arises from persistent dysfunction of the auditory tube. If the auditory tube is unable to equalize middle ear pressure, negative pressure develops in the middle ear, gives transudate and attracts pathogens
What is mastoiditis?
When otitis media spreads to mastoid cells
This can spread to middle cranial fossa = meningitis
Bony vs membranous labyrinth?
Both are parts of inner ear
bony labyrinth = cochlea, vestibule and three semi-circular canals with perilymph
membranous labyrinth = cochlear duct, semi circular canal & utricle and saccule with endolymph
Bony vs membranous labyrinth?
Both are parts of inner ear
bony labyrinth = cochlea, vestibule and three semi-circular canals with perilymph
membranous labyrinth = cochlear duct, semi circular ducts & utricle and saccule (within the vestibule) with endolymph
What are the semi circular canals?
anterior, lateral and posterior
they have the semi circular ducts which are responsible for balance (endolymph)
What does the saccule and utricle do?
detects acceleration of the head vertically and horizontally
What is Meniere’s disease?
Vertigo
Hearing loss
tinnitus
excess accumulation of endolymph within the membranous labyrinth, causing progressive distension of the ducts.
Thyroglossal cyst ?
A thyroglossal cyst results from a build-up of secretions within the duct. It typically presents as a midline lump in the anterior neck which rises on tongue protrusion.
Which nerve innervates pharynx?
Vagus nerve
Circular Pharyngeal muscles and innervation?
superior, middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictors
vagus nerve
Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?
Stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus
Function of circular pharyngeal muscles?
contract sequentially from superior to inferior to constrict the lumen and propel the bolus of food inferiorly into the oesophagus.
Function of longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?
They act to shorten and widen the pharynx, and elevate the larynx during swallowing.
Innervation of the pharynx
Pharyngeal plexus (glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, external laryngeal nerve)
Causes of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
Apical lung tumour
Thyroid cancer
Aortic aneurysm
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Iatrogenic (particularly during thyroid surgery due to the close relationship with the inferior thyroid artery).
