Deck 01

Question 1

What is saddle nose deformity

Answer 1

result of nasal trauma; whereby septal support to the nose is lost, and subsequently the middle part of the nose appears sunken. It is either direct damage to bone or cartilage or septal hematoma

Question 2

Which nerve innervates the facial/nasal muscles?

Answer 2

Facial nerve (CN 7)

Question 3

Muscles of the nose and function:

Answer 3

Procerus: contraction causes wrinkling of superior dorsum and depressing medial eyebrow
Nasalis: Assists procerus and flares the nares
Depressor septi nasi: assists Nasalis

Question 4

What is the lymphatic drainage of external nose

Answer 4

Deep cervical LN

Question 5

What is the arterial and venous supply of external nose?

Answer 5

a: facial artery, maxillary and opthalmic arteries
v: facial vein (internal jugular)

Question 6

What is the innervation of the external nose?

Answer 6

Sensory supply is from trigeminal (opthalmic and maxillary branches)
Motor supply to nasal muscles of expression is from facial n.

Question 7

What is danger triangle of the face?

Answer 7

Communication of the facial vein and the cavernous sinus via opthalmic vein

infections from navel cavity can spread to the brain causing meningitis, abscess or cavernous sinus thrombosis

Question 8

What are paranasal sinuses and how many are there?

Answer 8

Air filled extensions of nasal cavity lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells

There are 4 sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoid
Maxillary

Question 9

Function of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 9

• Lightening the weight of the head
• Supporting immune defense of the nasal cavity
• Humidifying inspired air
• Increasing resonance of the voice

Question 10

Nerve and arterial supply of frontal sinus?

Answer 10

Nerve: Supraorbital (opthalmic branch)
Artery: ethmoidal (IC branch)

Question 11

Nerve and arterial supply of sphenoid sinus?

Answer 11

Nerve: Post. ethmoidal (opthalmic branch)
Artery: Maxillary arteries

Question 12

What is endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery (ETSS) done for?

Answer 12

Accessing and dealing with a pituitary adenoma

sphenoid bone shares a close anatomical relationship with the pituitary gland.

Question 13

How many ethmoidal sinuses are there? What is their supply and innervation?

Answer 13

3 (ant, middle, post.)
A: ant/post ethmoidal arteries
N: ant/post ethmoidal nerve (branch of maxillary and nasociliary)

Question 14

Why can maxillary sinusitis present with toothache?

Answer 14

Because maxillary n. supplies both maxillary sinus and maxillary teeth - so inflammation will cause this

Question 15

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 15

4 Functions
1- Warms and humidifies air
2- Clears/drains paranasal sinuses
3- Removes/traps pathogens
4- Sense of smell

Question 16

3 divisions of nasal cavity?

Answer 16

Vestibule, respiratory region, olfactory region

Question 17

Vasculature of nasal cavity?

Answer 17

Comes from IC and EC a. Anterior ethmoidal artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery (IC)
Sphenopalatine artery
Greater palatine artery
Superior labial artery
Lateral nasal arteries (EC)

Question 17

Vasculature of nasal cavity?

Answer 17

Comes from IC and EC a. Anterior ethmoidal artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery (IC)
Sphenopalatine artery
Greater palatine artery
Superior labial artery
Lateral nasal arteries (EC)

Question 18

What is epistaxis?

Answer 18

Nosebleed. Due to the rich blood supply of the nose, this is common
most likely to occur in the anterior third of the nasal cavity – this area is known as the Kiesselbach area.

Question 19

3 auditory ossicles

Answer 19

incus, stapes, malleus

Question 20

2 muscles which have a protective function in the ear

Answer 20

Tensor tympanii and stapedius

They contract in response to loud noise, inhibiting the vibrations of the malleus, incus and stapes, and reducing the transmission of sound to the inner ear. This action is known as the acoustic reflex.

Question 21

Function of Eustachian tube

Answer 21

equalise the pressure of the middle ear to that of the external auditory meatus

Question 22

What is otitis externa?

Answer 22

arises from persistent dysfunction of the auditory tube. If the auditory tube is unable to equalize middle ear pressure, negative pressure develops in the middle ear, gives transudate and attracts pathogens

Question 23

What is mastoiditis?

Answer 23

When otitis media spreads to mastoid cells

This can spread to middle cranial fossa = meningitis

Question 24

Bony vs membranous labyrinth?

Answer 24

Both are parts of inner ear

bony labyrinth = cochlea, vestibule and three semi-circular canals with perilymph

membranous labyrinth = cochlear duct, semi circular canal & utricle and saccule with endolymph

Question 24

Bony vs membranous labyrinth?

Answer 24

Both are parts of inner ear

bony labyrinth = cochlea, vestibule and three semi-circular canals with perilymph

membranous labyrinth = cochlear duct, semi circular ducts & utricle and saccule (within the vestibule) with endolymph

Question 25

What are the semi circular canals?

Answer 25

anterior, lateral and posterior
they have the semi circular ducts which are responsible for balance (endolymph)

Question 26

What does the saccule and utricle do?

Answer 26

detects acceleration of the head vertically and horizontally

Question 27

What is Meniere’s disease?

Answer 27

Vertigo
Hearing loss
tinnitus

excess accumulation of endolymph within the membranous labyrinth, causing progressive distension of the ducts.

Question 28

Thyroglossal cyst ?

Answer 28

A thyroglossal cyst results from a build-up of secretions within the duct. It typically presents as a midline lump in the anterior neck which rises on tongue protrusion.

Question 29

Which nerve innervates pharynx?

Answer 29

Vagus nerve

Question 30

Circular Pharyngeal muscles and innervation?

Answer 30

superior, middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictors

vagus nerve

Question 31

Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 31

Stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus

Question 32

Function of circular pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 32

contract sequentially from superior to inferior to constrict the lumen and propel the bolus of food inferiorly into the oesophagus.

Question 33

Function of longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 33

They act to shorten and widen the pharynx, and elevate the larynx during swallowing.

Question 34

Innervation of the pharynx

Answer 34

Pharyngeal plexus (glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, external laryngeal nerve)

Question 35

Causes of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy

Answer 35

Apical lung tumour
Thyroid cancer
Aortic aneurysm
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Iatrogenic (particularly during thyroid surgery due to the close relationship with the inferior thyroid artery).