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PYSIO OB > DECIDUA > Flashcards

DECIDUA Flashcards

1
Q

first day of menstruation

A

First day of menstrual cycle

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2
Q

defined by the first day of the next menstrual cycle

A

Last day of menstrual cycle

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3
Q

Ovarian Cycle involves:

A

􏰀 Follicular Phase/Preovulatory phase

􏰀 Luteal Phase/Postovulatory phase

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4
Q

Endometrial Cycle involves:

A

􏰀 Proliferative Phase

􏰀 Secretory Phase

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5
Q

2 Cycles:

A

Endometrial & Ovarian Cycle

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6
Q
  • no fertilization happening

- endometrium will be sloughed off -> menstruation

A

Non-pregnant cycle

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7
Q
  • fertilization took place
  • there will be implantation
  • secretory endometrium
  • Decidual formation
A

Pregnant cycle

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8
Q

In the Reproductive System, the hierarchy of form would always start with the _____

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

The hypothalamus would create and secrete ____

A

GnRH

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10
Q

GnRH stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete _________

A

FSH and LH

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11
Q

all stimulating hormones comes from the ______

A

anterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

____ is released first then followed by ___

A

FSH

LH

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13
Q

thrown in the circulation until it reaches the

ovaries

A

FSH and LH

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14
Q
  • Responsible for the recruitment of the follicles

- It functions to let the follicles grow until ONE DOMINANT follicle (Graafian follicle) is produced

A

FSH

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15
Q

one responsible for the production of estrogen (specifically estradiol)

A

Graafian follicle

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16
Q

Phase wherein estrogen produced will go to the endometrium which will now cause for its proliferation (proliferation of endometrial glands and stroma)

A

Proliferative phase of the Endometrial Cycle

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17
Q

will later happen under the influence of LH

A

Ovulation

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18
Q

event that precedes ovulation

A

LH surge

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19
Q

After ovulation, the dominant follicle ruptures and releases the oocyte. The remnant of the follicle becomes the ________ which will now secrete _______________

A

Corpus luteum

Progesterone and Estrogen

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20
Q

_____ > Estrogen

A

Progesterone

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21
Q

There will be transformation of proliferative

endometrium into __________

A

Secretory endometrium

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22
Q

starts as a primordial follicle

A

Preovulatory follicle (Graafian follicle)

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23
Q

has an oocyte in the middle and is surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cell

A

primordial follicle

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24
Q

Every oocyte starts as a

A

primordial follicle

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25
Q

Each Ovarian cycle recruits __________ to grow (this is

independent of FSH)

A

30-40 primordial follicles

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26
Q

Later on, the follicles will thicken and grow to have __________ until it becomes an ________ (dependent on FSH)

A

granulosa and
theca cells

Antral follicle

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27
Q

promotes the growth of the Antral follicle and the maturation of
the Dominant follicle

A

FSH

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28
Q

How many dominant follicle does a female secrete every month?

A

1

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29
Q
  • 2 egg cells fertilized by 2 different sperms

- Fraternal twins

A

Dizygotic twins

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30
Q
  • 1 egg cell fertilized by 1 sperm but sometime during cell division, total division occurred
  • 2 separate individuals created
  • Identical twins
A

Monozygotic twins

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31
Q

Gonadotropin-independent Preantral follicle growth

A
  • Primordial
  • Primary
  • Secondary
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32
Q

Gonadotropin-dependent Antral follicle growth

A
  • Antral
  • Preovulatory
  • Ovulation
  • Corpus luteum
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33
Q

Inner layer

A

Granulosa cells

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34
Q

Outer layer

A

Theca cells

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35
Q

_______ produces androgens

A

Theca cells

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36
Q

______ produces Estrogen

A

Granulosa cells

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37
Q

Granulosa cells produces Estogen with the aid of what enzyme?

A

Aromatase

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38
Q

Follicular phase is due to what hormone?

A

FSH

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39
Q

Luteal phase is due to what hormone?

A

LH

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40
Q

In follicular phase, what is greater between estrogen and progesterone?

A

Estrogen > Progesterone

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41
Q

In luteal phase, what is greater between estrogen and progesterone?

A

Progesterone > Estrogen

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42
Q

What happens when there is excess of estrogen & progesterone?

A

inhibition of both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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43
Q

When there is Positive feedback just before ovulation -> Increase in Estrogen would tell the anterior pituitary to secrete more LH

A

LH surge

Ovulation will occur

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44
Q

The increase in estrogen which causes positive feedback is done by _______

A

Dominant follicle

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45
Q

After LH surge -> Ovulation -> dominant follicle ruptures

The remnant of follicle becomes _____

A

Corpus lueum

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46
Q

For a woman who has a perfect 28 days cycle: Day of ovulation is ____

A

Day 14

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47
Q

For a woman who has a perfect 28 days cycle: Luteal phase is _____

A

Predictable (14 days)

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48
Q

For a woman who has a perfect 28 days cycle: Follicular phase is _____

A

Unpredictable (varies)

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49
Q

The remnant of the dominant follicle (granulosa & theca cells) will become the _____

A

corpus luteum

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50
Q
  • Collor yellow

- Comes from the word “lutein” meaning yellow

A

Corpus luteum

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51
Q

_____ secrete estrogen and progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

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52
Q

The secretion of Estrogen and Progesterone is in what phase _______

A

Secretory phase

Endometrial phase

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53
Q

If fertilization did not take place, the corpus luteum after ______ will die and will be converted to _________

A

7-10 days

Corpus albicans

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54
Q
  • Color white
  • Albicans means white
  • Has no secretion
A

Corpus albicans

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55
Q

The trigger for menstruation is _______

A

progesterone withdrawal

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56
Q

Since corpus albicans has no more secretion , there will be ______

A

menstruation

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57
Q

3 layers of the Uterus:

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Serora or Prametrium
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58
Q

thick layer of the uterus

A

Endometrium

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59
Q

Endometrium is subdivided into 2:

A
  • Functionalis layer

- Basalis layer

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60
Q

Muscular layer of the uterus

A

Myometrium

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61
Q

parallel with the myometrium and branches off as the radial artery

A

Arcuate artery

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62
Q

this gives rise to the basal and spiral arteries of the endometrium

A

Radial artery

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63
Q

After ovulation, the primary oocyte becomes _____

A

secondary oocyte

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64
Q

The ovulated oocyte will then enter the _____

A

fallopian tube

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65
Q

NOT ALL ovulated oocyte will enter the fallopian tube because these oocytes are extruded into the _____

A

pelvic cavity

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66
Q

Structure that guides the ovulated oocyte to the fallopian tube

A

fimbriae of the fallopian tube

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67
Q
  • where the oocytes wait
  • widest portion of the fallopian tube
  • where fertilization takes place
A

Ampulla

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68
Q

The oocyte will wait only for ________

A

1 day or 24 hours

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69
Q

The spermatozoa can live up to _____ in the female organ

A

3 days

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70
Q

Spermatozoa will be deposited in the _____ then will swim towards the oocyte in the _____

A

Fornix of the vagina

Ampulla

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71
Q

How will the spermatozoa know which fallopian tube is the oocyte located?

A

certain chemoattractants which tells the sperm where the oocyte is located

72
Q

a very nurturing environment for both the egg and sperm

A

Ampulla

73
Q

Fertilization gives rise to how many chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes (23 each)

74
Q

1st event after fertilization

A

complete the complement of chromosomes

75
Q

2nd event after fertilization

A

established genetic sex (XX or XY)

76
Q

3rd event after fertilization

A

establishment of a new human being

77
Q

Fertilized oocyte becomes _____

A

zygote

78
Q

The zygote will then divide within

A

24 hours

79
Q

The zygote will divide within 24 hours into a 2 cell stage, then 4- cell stage, 8-cell stage and on the 16-cell stage it is then called as _______

A

Morula

80
Q

The daughter cells of each cell stage are called _____

A

Blastomeres

81
Q

How is it called when there is already fluid collection?

A

Blastocyst

82
Q

As it divide, it gets transported into the uterine cavity. From the ampulla, it moves toward the uterine cavity via ______ & _______

A
  1. Cilia

2. Peristalsis of the fallopian tube

83
Q

Within ______, the blastocyst should be in the uterine cavity where it will implant

A

4-6 days

84
Q

So in a woman with a 28 day cycle: Day of ovulation is

A

Day 14

85
Q

So in a woman with a 28 day cycle: If she had coitus in the day of ovulation

A

There will be fertilization

86
Q

So in a woman with a 28 day cycle: In the next 6 days of fertilization

A

There will be implantation

87
Q

So in a woman with a 28 day cycle: the day 20 to 24 is the ______

A

Window of implantation

88
Q
  • Has a fluid in it

- Also has 2 important masses

A

Blastocyst

89
Q

What are the 2 important masses in Blastocyst?

A
  1. Inner cell mass (Embryoblast

2. Outer cell mass (Trophoblast)

90
Q

Inner cell mass is also called as:

A

Embryoblast

91
Q

Outer cell mass is also called as:

A

Trophoblast

92
Q

Even as early as day 6 post fertilization, the inner cell mass is destined to become the ______

A

Embryo (fetus)

93
Q

Even as early as day 6 post fertilization, outer cell mass becomes the ______

A

Placenta

94
Q

What happens at day 6 post fertilization?

A

The blastocyst will enter the uterine cavity and it stick into the endometrium because the endometrium will get sticky (parang Velcro). The endometrium has like tiny projections which are very sticky which attaches to the blastocyst. Then there will be secretion of lytic enzymes creating an invasion. The blastocyst itself will secrete enzymes and these enzymes will eat the endometrium in order to implant itself (gagawa siya ng hukay tapos nalalagag yung blastocyst). If the hole is deep enough, the interstitium will hug the blastocyst (it is now implanted)

95
Q

Day 6 post fertilization, the endometrium becomes ______

A

Decidua

96
Q

At the _____ of development, the blastocyst is partially embedded in the endometrial stroma

A

8th day

97
Q

In the area over the embryoblast, the trophoblast has differentiated in to 2 layers:

A
  1. Cytotrophoblat

2. Syncitiotrophoblast

98
Q

inner layer of mononucleated cells

A

Cytototrophobast

99
Q

outer multinucleated zone without distinct boundaries

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

100
Q

_____ is found in the placenta

A

Villi

101
Q

Inside the ____, it has blood vessels that goes towards the fetus

A

villi

102
Q

The space in between the villi is called the ______

A

intervillous space

103
Q

The _______ earlier invades the decidua and later on the myometrium. When it reached the myometrium, it will deliberately attack the __________.

A
  • trophoblast

- spiral arterioles

104
Q

Why would they invade this area (decidua & myometrium)?

A

They will attach on the spiral arteries, it becomes straight and open.

105
Q

Anong proseso ang nangyare bakit yung isang narrow & constricting vessel naging straight and open?

A

It is due to the invasion of trophoblast which destroys the smooth muscle layer (myometrium) –> responsible for the constriction of spiral arteries

106
Q

Pag wala na ang smooth muscle layer, arteriole pa ba siya?

A

No because it becomes a dilated vessel

107
Q

Why does the trophoblast have to do that? Mawawala ba yung dugo?

A

No, pupunta ito sa ntervillous space in order to feed the fetus (exchange nutrition between the mother and fetus)

108
Q

______ is transferred from the mother to the fetus

A

-Glucose

-This is why the reason why pregnant woman are hyperglycemic and are time to time hungry, their glucose are not used by their body
but is rather transferred to the baby

109
Q

are also transferred into the fetus

A

Vitamins, minerals, and oxygen

110
Q

placenta in which the maternal blood is in direct contact with the chorion

A

Hemochorial placentation

111
Q
  • transformation of secretory endometrium to decidua
  • dependent on estrogen and progesterone and factors secreted by the implanting blastocyst
  • happens after fertilization and implantation on day 6 post fertilization
A

Decidualization

112
Q

______ is the one feeding the conceptus

A

endometrium

113
Q

What hormone is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

hCG (human

chorionic gonadotropin)

114
Q

basis for pregnancy test

A

hCG

115
Q

Day 8 post fertilization, will the woman be positive for

hCG?

A

Yes because there is already the presence of

syncytiotrophoblast

116
Q

Very specific specimen to be used in the basis of pregnancy test

A

B-hCH

117
Q

______ is very similar with FSH and LH

A

alpha subunit of hCG

118
Q

When will the pregnancy test be positive using the urine?

A

During the MISSED period (after 1 missed menstruation)

119
Q

When implantation takes place, the endometrium which is under the conceptus is called the _____

A

basalis layer

120
Q

The endometrium which hug the conceptus is the ______

A

functionalis layer

121
Q

The ends of the endometrium is covered by _______

A 
decidua parietalis (first
3 months)
122
Q

By the 4th month, decidua parietalis converge with ______

A

decidua capsularis

123
Q

The endometrial cavity is now obliterated. Becomes the _______

A

decidua vera

124
Q

apposition of the decidua capsularis and parietalis, uterine cavity is functionally
obliterated

A

decidua vera

125
Q

6th week (2 weeks after the missed period) – ______ is formed

A

heart

126
Q

The first 2 organs that function in the embryo are the:

A

Brain and Heart

127
Q

The decidua has 2 major layers:

A

basalis and functionalis

128
Q

Saan hihiwalay ang placenta? Anong layer ng decidua hihiwalay and placenta?

A

Functionalis layer

129
Q

______ is a zone of fibrinoid degeneration in which invading trophoblasts meet the decidua basalis (this is found in the functionalis layer)

A

Nitabuch layer

130
Q

Nitabuch layer is an important layer because it has to prevent the invading trophoblast from attaching itself too much which may cause a pathologic condition called _______

A

Placenta accreta

131
Q

the placenta which is abnormally adherent to the myometrium = mother is going to lose blood

A

Placenta accreta

132
Q

When you deliver the baby, you also bringing with you a part of the ______

A

decidua functionalis layer

133
Q

______ is the endometrium of pregnanacy

A

Decidua

134
Q

Primary hormone controlling the reproductive endocrine axis

A

GnRH

135
Q

Responsible for the recruitment of the dominant follicle

A

FSH

136
Q

Hormone responsible for ovulation

A

LH

137
Q

Dominant follicle produces _____, which is responsible for the proliferation of endometrium

A

Estrogen

138
Q

Hormone responsible for the secretory phase of the endometrium

A

Progesterone

139
Q

Events in Follicular/Preovualatory phase of the ovarian cycle

A
  1. Recruitment of cohort of antral follicles
  2. Selection of a dominant follicle
  3. Growth of the selected dominant follicle
140
Q

Primary oocyte covered by single layer of granulosa cells

A

Primordial follicle

141
Q

Dominant follicle is determined at ____

A

Day 5 - 7 of the cycle

142
Q

Other name of dominant follicle

A

Graafian follicle

143
Q

Factors that determine which is the dominant follicle:

A
  1. Well vascularized

2. Has a lot of receptors (stimulated by FSH)

144
Q

Diameter of a Dominant follicle

A

18-25 mm

145
Q

LH stimulates _____ to produce _____

A
  • theca cells

- androgens

146
Q

Androgen will transfer to ______, which contains

A
  • granulosa cells

- aromatase

147
Q

Enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgen to estrogen

A

Aromatase

148
Q

Increase in estrogen cause + feedback on HP axis resulting to

A

LH surge

149
Q

Absolute requirement for final oocyte maturation and follicular rupture

A

LH surge

150
Q

LH surge happens ______ before ovulation

A

10-12 hours

151
Q

Oocyte that transfers to the fallopian tube is the _____

A

Secondary oocyte

152
Q

After the transfer of oocyte during ovulation, the granulosa cells and theca cells inside the ovary, produce now the ______

A

Corpus luteum

153
Q

Responsible for the production of both estrogen and progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

154
Q

Primary factor for the corpus luteum maintenance (where it lives for 7-14 days)

A

LH

155
Q

If a woman gets pregnant, HCG rests in the corpus luteum and continue to live for ____

A

3 months

156
Q

After 3 mos corpus luteum dies and _____ takes over

A

Placenta

157
Q
  • Site of Blastocyst implantation

- Provides metabolic environment

A

Stratum compactum / Superficial layer

158
Q

Maintains mucosal integrity

A

Stratum spongiosum / Lower layer

159
Q

2 layers of the stratum functionalis

A
  1. Stratum compactum / Superficial layer

2. Stratum spongiosum / Lower layer

160
Q
  • Proliferation of glandular, stromal, and vascular endothelial cells
  • 2mm thick
  • Glands narrow, tubular almost straight and parallel form the basalis layer to endometrial cavity
A

Proliferative phase of endometrial cycle

161
Q
  • Glandular hyperplasia and increase stromal ground substance
  • Loose stroma, widely separated glands
  • Glandular epithelium are taller and pseudostratified, with microvilli and cilia
  • Endometrial dating at this phase is difficult
A

Proliferative phase of endometrial cycle

162
Q

Highly predictable manner

A

Secretory phase of endometrial cycle

163
Q

At day ___ there is:

  • Subnuclear vacuoles and Pseudostratification
  • 1st histologic sign of ovulation
A

17

164
Q

At day ___ there is:

- Vacuoles move apically

A

18

165
Q

At. day ___ there is:

- Secretes glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharides

A

19

166
Q

At day ___ there is:

  • Window of implantation
  • Decreased microvilli and cilia
  • Pinopodes
A

20-24

167
Q
  • Luminal protrusions on apical surface

- Prep for blastocyst implantation

A

Pinopodes

168
Q

Inner layer becomes

Outer layer becomes

A
  • Embyoblast, Fetus

- Trophoblast, Placenta

169
Q

3 phases of implantation:

A
  1. Apposition
  2. Adhesion
  3. Invasion
170
Q

Uterine receptivity

A
  • Day 20-24 of cycle

- Day 6-7 post fertilization

171
Q

> Initial contact of blastocyst to the uterine wall

- Upper posterior uterine wall

A

Apposition

172
Q

> Increased physical contact

  • Cell surface receptors (Integrins) at implantation site
  • aVB3 and a4B1 integrins - receptivity marker for blastocyst attachment
  • Recognition site blockade ie. Fibronectin prevent attachment
A

Adhesion

173
Q

> Penetration and invasion of syncitiothrophoblast and cytotrophoblast into the EM, inner 1/3 of myometrium and uterine vasculature

A

Invasion

174
Q

Yolk sac is seen at

A

5.5 weeks

175
Q

Embryo is seen at

A

6-7 weeks

PYSIO OB (5 decks)

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