DECEPTION

Question 1

Dishonestly takes or obtains a document s228(1)(a)

Answer 1

DISHONESTLY (Acting without a belief that there was expressed or implied consent from a person in a position to give consent or authority)

WITHOUT CLAIM OF RIGHT (A belief that the person has proprietary or possessory right to the property and has exercised this right. It must exist at the time the offence is committed, and the property must relate to the offence. Must be honest and genuine. May be based on ignorance or mistake of fact)

TAKES (Moves the property or causes it to be moved)

OR

OBTAINS (obtain or retain for themselves or another)

A DOCUMENT (Defined by s217 CA 1961, a document or part of a document in any form)

(R v Misic: A document is a thing which contains evidence or information or serves as a record)

WITH INTENT TO OBTAIN (doing a deliberate act with intent to get a specific result)

(R v Collister: Intent inferred by the circumstances, words and actions said before during and after, the surrounding circumstances and the nature of the act)

(R v Morley: Purposeful intent is necessary and must exist at the time of the deception)

PROPERTY (any real or personal, estate, interest, money, electrical, debt)

OR

SERVICE (R v Cara: service is limited to financial or economic value and excludes privileges or benefits)

OR

PECUNIARY ADVANTAGE (The thing must be tangible and capable of being used)

(Hayes v R: Anything that enhances the accused’s financial position)

OR

VALUABLE CONSIDERATION
(Hayes v R: Anything capable of being a valuable consideration, whether of a monetary kind or if any other kind. Money is money’s worth)

Question 2

Dishonestly uses or attempts to use a document s228(1)(b)

Answer 2

DISHONESTLY (Acting without a belief that there was expressed or implied consent from a person in a position to give consent or authority)

WITHOUT CLAIM OF RIGHT (A belief that the person has proprietary or possessory right to the property and has exercised this right. It must exist at the time the offence is committed, and the property must relate to the offence. Must be honest and genuine. May be based on ignorance or mistake of fact)

USES (To use in any way)

OR

ATTEMPTS TO USE (Does or omits an act for the purpose of accomplishing his object, whether it was possible to commit the offence or not)

(Hayes v R: An unsuccessful use is as much a use as a successful one)

A DOCUMENT (Defined by s217 CA 1961, a document or part of a document in any form)

(R v Misic: A document is a thing which contains evidence or information or serves as a record)

WITH INTENT TO OBTAIN (doing a deliberate act with intent to get a specific result)

(R v Collister: Intent inferred by the circumstances, words and actions said before during and after, the surrounding circumstances and the nature of the act)

(R v Morley: Purposeful intent is necessary and must exist at the time of the deception)

PROPERTY (any real or personal, estate, interest, money, electrical, debt)

OR

SERVICE (R v Cara: service is limited to financial or economic value and excludes privileges or benefits)

OR

PECUNIARY ADVANTAGE (The thing must be tangible and must be capable of being used)

(Hayes v R: Anything that enhances the accused’s financial position)

OR

VALUABLE CONSIDERATION
(Hayes v R: Anything capable of being a valuable consideration, whether of a monetary kind or if any other kind. Money is money’s worth)

Question 3

Define obtain

Answer 3

To obtain or retain for himself, herself or for any other person

Question 4

Define property

Answer 4

PRIMED

Real and personal property
Any real estate or interest in any real estate or personal property
Money
Electricity
and any debt
and anything in action
and any other right or interest

Example - A ‘thing’ (bike)

Question 5

Define service (R v Cara)

Answer 5

Service is limited to financial or economic value and excludes privileges or benefits

Example - An activity (going to a mechanic or getting a haircut)

Question 6

Define pecuniary advantage (R v Hayes)

Answer 6

Anything that enhances the accused’s financial position. It is enhancement which constitutes the element of advantage

Example - If the liability mentions money or cash

Question 7

What is the difference between pecuniary advantage and valuable consideration?

Answer 7

Pecuniary advantage can amount to a favourable consideration when it involves monetary advantage however the scope of valuable consideration is wider than pecuniary advantage

Question 8

Define valuable consideration (R v Hayes)

Answer 8

Anything capable of being valuable consideration, whether of a monetary kind or of any other kind, in short money or moneys worth

Example - not money but used as if it was (exchanging goods)

Question 9

What are three examples of valuable consideration

Answer 9

Monetary payment in return for goods or services

Goods given in return for services provided

Issuing a false invoice to receive payment for goods never supplied

Question 10

Define dishonestly

Answer 10

In relation to an act or omission, means done or omitted without a belief that there was express or implied consent to, or authority for, the act or omission from a person entitled to give consent or authority

Question 11

Belief (Hayes v R)

Answer 11

The question is whether the belief is actually held, not whether that belief is reasonable

However, reasonableness may be relevant as evidence on the issue of whether the belief was actually held

Question 12

Define claim of right

Answer 12

Belief at the time of any act in a proprietary or possessory right in relation to the offence is to have allegedly been committed

Although belief may be based on ignorance or mistake of fact

Question 13

What are the four things for claim of right?

Answer 13

1. Belief in a possessory or proprietary right in property - belief in the ownership of property or a right to take or retain possession of it
2. Belief in the rights to the property in relation to which the offence is alleged to have been committed
3. Belief held at the time of the conduct alleged to constitute the offence
4. Belief must be actually held by the defendant

Question 14

Define taking

Answer 14

For tangible property, theft is committed by a taking when the offender moves the property or causes it to be moved

Question 15

Define Document
(R v Misic)

Answer 15

Essentially a document is a thing which provides evidence or information or serves as a record

Must be capable of being used to derive pecuniary advantage

Question 16

Define uses or attempts to use
(Hayes v R)

Answer 16

An unsuccessful use of a document is as much use as a successful one. An unsuccessful use must not be equated conceptually with an attempted one. Because the use does not have to be successful it may be difficult to distinguish between the two

Question 17

Obtains property by deception s240(1)(a)

Answer 17

BY ANY DECEPTION (Defined by s240(2) CA 1961, an omission to disclose a material particular with intent to deceive any person)

(R v Morley: An intention to deceive requires that the deception is practised in order to deceive the affected party. Purposeful intent is necessary and must exist at the time of deception)

WITHOUT CLAIM OF RIGHT (A belief that the person has proprietary or possessory right to the property and has exercised this right. It must exist at the time the offence is committed, and the property must relate to the offence. Must be honest and genuine. May be based in ignorance or mistake of fact)

OBTAINS (To obtain or retain for themselves or any other person)
-
OWNERSHIP OF (title, a legal right or claim)

OR

POSSESSION OF (R v Cox: Possession involves two elements. Actual or potential physical control and mental, the awareness of possession and an intent to exercise)

OR

CONTROL OVER (Power of directing, demand)
-
PROPERTY (Any real or personal, estate, interest, money, electrical, debt, anything in action, any other right or interest)

OR

SERVICE (R v Cara: Service is limited to financial or economic value and excludes privileges or benefits)

OR

PECUNIARY ADVANTAGE (The thing must be tangible and must be capable of being used)

(R v Hayes: Anything that enhances the accused’s financial position)

OR

VALUABLE CONSIDERATION (Hayes v R: Anything capable of being a valuable consideration, whether of a monetary kind or if any other kind. Money is money’s worth)

OR

PRIVILEGE (A special right or advantage, not limited to pecuniary/ monetary/ financial gain)

OR

BENEFIT (A special right or advantage)

DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY

(example: for privilege or Benefit - using someone’s else gym membership to use the gym)

Question 18

Obtains credit by deception s240(1)(b)

Answer 18

BY ANY DECEPTION (Defined by s240(2) CA 1961, an omission to disclose a material particular with intent to deceive any person)

(R v Morley: An intention to deceive requires that the deception is practised in order to deceive the affected party. Purposeful intent is necessary and must exist at the time of deception)

WITHOUT CLAIM OF RIGHT (A belief that the person has proprietary or possessory right to the property and has exercised this right. It must exist at the time the offence is committed, and the property must relate to the offence. Must be honest and genuine. May be based in ignorance or mistake of fact)

IN INCURRING ANY

DEBT (Money owing from one person to another)

OR

LIABILITY (a legally enforceable financial obligation to pay)

OBTAINS (To obtain or retain for themselves or any other person)

CREDIT (Obligation on the debtor to pay or repay and the time given for them to do so by the creditor)

(example: someone going into a restaurant and walking out without paying)

Question 19

Inducing or causing to deliver over by deception s240(1)(c)

Answer 19

BY ANY DECEPTION (Defined by s240(2) CA 1961, an omission to disclose a material particular with intent to deceive any person)

(R v Morley: An intention to deceive requires that the deception is practised in order to deceive the affected party. Purposeful intent is necessary and must exist at the time of deception)

WITHOUT CLAIM OF RIGHT (A belief that the person has proprietary or possessory right to the property and has exercised this right. It must exist at the time the offence is committed, and the property must relate to the offence. Must be honest and genuine. May be based in ignorance or mistake of fact)

INDUCES (to persuade, bring about or give rise to)

(R v Laverty: It was the consequence of the belief of the false representation that caused the victim to part with their money)

OR

CAUSES ANY OTHER PERSON TO
-
DELIVER OVER (to surrender up someone or something)

EXECUTE (to put a course of action into effect)

MAKE

ACCEPT (to receive something)

ENDORSE (to write or sign on a document)

DESTROY (to end the existence of)

ALTER (to change in character or composition)
-
ANY DOCUMENT (Defined by s217 CA 1961, a document or part of a document in any form)

(R v Misic: A document is a thing which contains evidence or information or serves as a record)

OR

THING CAPABLE OF BEING USED TO DERIVE A PECUNIARY ADVANTAGE (The thing must be tangible and must be capable of being used)

(R v Hayes: Anything that enhances the accused’s financial position)

Question 20

Define ‘deliver over’

Answer 20

To surrender up someone or something

Question 21

Define ‘execute’

Answer 21

To put a course of action into effect

Question 22

Define ‘endorse’

Answer 22

To write or sign on a document

Question 23

Define ‘alter’

Answer 23

To change in character or composition

Question 24

Define ‘accept’

Answer 24

To receive something

Question 25

Causing loss by deception s240(1)(d)

Answer 25

**BY ANY DECEPTION** (Defined by s240(2) CA 1961, an omission to disclose a material particular with intent to deceive any person) (*R v Morley: An intention to deceive requires that the deception is practised in order to deceive the affected party. Purposeful intent is necessary and must exist at the time of deception*) **WITHOUT CLAIM OF RIGHT** (A belief that the person has proprietary or possessory right to the property and has exercised this right. It must exist at the time the offence is committed, and the property must relate to the offence. Must be honest and genuine. May be based in ignorance or mistake of fact) **CAUSES LOSS** (direct loss caused by the deception, includes financial detriment to the victim and includes property or valuable things) **TO ANY PERSON** (includes not only real people but also companies and other organisations) (*R v Morley: The loss alleged by the victim must have been induced by, or caused in reliance, upon the deception. But the deception need not be the only operative factor, so long as it played a material part in occasioning the loss*)

Question 26

Define deception

Answer 26

False representation, whether oral, documentary, or by conduct, with intent to deceive any other person and - knows that it is false OR is reckless to it being false OR - An omission to disclose material particular, with intent to deceive when they should disclose it OR - A fraudulent device, trick or stratagem use with intent to deceive any person

Question 27

Define ‘to any other person’

Answer 27

Includes not only real people but also companies and other organisations

Question 28

How do you prove a false representation?

Answer 28

You must prove there was - An intent to deceive - There was a representation by the defendant - The representation was false and the defendant: - knew it to be false in a material particular OR - was reckless whether it was false in a material particular

Question 29

Intent to deceive (R v Morley)

Answer 29

An intention to deceive requires that the deception is practiced in order to deceive the affected party. Purposeful intent is necessary and must exist at the time of deception

Question 30

Recklessness (Cameron v R)

Answer 30

Recklessness is established if: - The defendant recognized that there was a real possibility that his or her actions would bring about the proscribed result AND/OR - That the prescribed circumstances existed AND - having regard to that risk those actions were unreasonable

Question 31

What are the two elements of intent?

Answer 31

1. Intention to commit the act 2. To get a specified result

Question 32

What are three ways representations can be made and examples?

Answer 32

Orally: Verbally claiming to own goods that were subject to a higher purchase agreement Conduct: Representing oneself to be a collector for a charity Documentary: Completing a valueless cheque on an account knowing that there are no funds

Question 33

Representation (R v Morley)

Answer 33

Representations must relate to a statement of existing fact, rather than a statement of future intention

Question 34

What is an example of a continuing effect (representation)

Answer 34

Ordering food in a restaurant represents that the diner will follow the normal practice and pay for the meal. If during the course of the dinner the diner decides to avoid that payment, the continuing representation will become false and the obtaining of food will come within s240

Question 35

What is the general rule when it comes to silence or non disclosure?

Answer 35

It will not be regarded as a representation, but there are exceptions to where there is an incorrect understanding implied from a course of dealing and the defendant has failed to negate that incorrect understanding For example: Label swapping or changing price tags and allowing the cashier to charge the incorrect price

Question 36

How can knowledge be established?

Answer 36

- An admission - Implication from the circumstances surrounding the event - Propensity evidence Knowing is correctly believing. The defendant may believe something wrongly, but cannot know something that is false (Simester and Brookbanks)

Question 37

What must prosecution prove in relation to knowledge

Answer 37

That the defendant knows or believes his representation is false in a material particular OR is reckless as to whether it is false

Question 38

What is a material particular

Answer 38

An important, essential or relevant detail or item A matter will be a material particular if it is something important or something that matters (R v Mallett)

Question 39

What is an omission

Answer 39

A conscious decision not to do something or not giving thought to the matter at all

Question 40

Where does a duty to disclose originate from?

Answer 40

Often from civil law, for example where the parties are in a contractual relationship

Question 41

Define Device

Answer 41

A plan, scheme or trick

Question 42

Define trick

Answer 42

An action or scheme to fool, outwit or deceive

Question 43

Define stratagem

Answer 43

A cunning plan or scheme to deceive an enemy or trickery

Question 44

What are examples of benefit or privilege

Answer 44

- Access to medical services - The withdrawal of an assault charge - Reduction in sentence for an offence - Using another person's gym membership to access gym facilities by Does not need to involve financial loss or injury to the person who has been defrauded

Question 45

If the item that is being obtained is being sent by post, when is the obtaining complete?

Answer 45

At the time of posting

Question 46

Possession (R v Cox)

Answer 46

Possession involves two elements: Physical - actual or potential physical custody or control Mental - Knowledge by the accused that the substance is in his possession AND an intention to exercise possession

Question 47

Special interest

Answer 47

Goods obtained by someone who doesn’t have ownership of them For example: A garage owner had a right over the persons car until the payment of debt was made

Question 48

Examples of pecuniary advantage

Answer 48

Economic or monetary advantage - Cash from stolen goods - Clothing or cash obtained by credit or EFTPOS card - A discount by using a student ID - Avoiding or deferring payments of a debt

Question 49

Define debt

Answer 49

Money owing from one person to another. Must be legally enforceable, this means if the contract is void or illegal there will be no offence

Question 50

Define liability

Answer 50

A legally enforceable financial obligation to pay, such as the cost of a meal

Question 51

Define credit

Answer 51

Obligation on the debtor to pay or repay, and the time given for them to do so by the creditor

Question 52

Obligation to pay (Fisher v Raven)

Answer 52

Credit refers to the obligation on the debtor to pay or repay, and the time given for them to do so by the creditor Credit does not extend to an obligation to supply services or goods

Question 53

Credit - 3rd person

Answer 53

Credit can be obtained for themselves or another person For example where credit may be obtained include: - obtaining money on a loan - extending existing overdraft facilities - renting or leasing a dwelling

Question 54

What makes gaining credit unlawful?

Answer 54

When it is accompanied by an intent to deceive

Question 55

Timing of intention to deceive (R v Mckay)

Answer 55

The intention to deceive must exist at the time when the deception is perpetrated, a later decision not to pay is insufficient Credit had been obtained on booking in but at that time the accused did not possess an intent to deceive

Question 56

When does someone have to form their intent to deceive, in relation to meals at restaurants?

Answer 56

When they either entered the restaurant or started their meal This offence is obtaining credit by deception

Question 57

What are two cases where intent to deceive is not disclosed

Answer 57

- Delay or non-payment OR - An inability to perform a bona fide intention For example: Getting a loan and not being able to pay it back through unforseen circumstances, loss of money or oversight, is not deceit

Question 58

What are the rules when goods are purchased by hire purchase with a false representation

Answer 58

The offence is deception If they later sell the goods to another the offender commits theft by conversion The offender never receives title for goods fraudulently obtained in hire purchase

Question 59

Define induces

Answer 59

To persuade, bring about or give rise to Another person (who doesn't have to be the immediate victim) must be induced or caused to deliver over, execute, make, accept, endorse, destroy or alter the document or thing

Question 60

How do you prove inducement?

Answer 60

By direct evidence from the person that was defrauded: - that the false representation was believed AND - that it was the consequence of that belief that the victim parted with his or her money

Question 61

R v Laverty

Answer 61

It is necessary for the prosecution to prove that the person parting with the property was induced to do so by the false representation made

Question 62

Define causes

Answer 62

The defendant or an act by the defendant must be the substantial and operative cause of the delivery, execution etc, of any document capable of deriving pecuniary advantage The accused must cause the loss

Question 63

Define 'thing'

Answer 63

A broad and encompassing concept, tangible, and capable of being used to derive a pecuniary advantage

Question 64

What is included in loss?

Answer 64

Loss involves financial detriment to the victim and is a direct loss It doesn't include expectation loss (loss of a bargain) and loss of future anticipated profits

Question 65

In R v Morley what did the court conclude in relation to loss?

Answer 65

The loss alleged by the victim must have been induced by, or cause in reliance, upon deception. But the deception need not be the only operative factor, so long as it played a material part in occasioning the loss. Loss should be assessed by the extent the complainants position before the deception has been diminished or impaired

Question 66

Under 240(1)(d) does the person who suffers the loss need to be the person deceived?

Answer 66

No

Question 67

What is required to be proven for causing loss by deception?

Answer 67

- The loss was caused by deception - It was reasonably foreseeable, some more than trivial, loss would occur but - Don’t need to prove there was intent to cause loss There must be loss to any other person but there need not be any benefit to anyone

Question 68

What are the punishments for obtaining by deception or causing loss by deception

Answer 68

Over $1000 = 7 years Between $500 and $1000= 1 year Under $500 = 3 months

Question 69

When assessing the probative value of propensity evidence, what may the judge consider?

Answer 69

- The frequency - The connection in time between the acts - The extent of the similarity between the acts - The number of persons making allegations against the defendant are the same or similar - Whether the allegations in paragraph above are a result of collusion - The extent in which the acts are unusual

Question 70

When is propensity evidence admissable in cases of deception

Answer 70

Where there is a sufficiently strong connection between the offences

Question 71

When is evidence relevant?

Answer 71

If it has a tendency to prove or disprove anything that is of consequence to the determination of the proceeding

Question 72

Propensity (R v Sharma)

Answer 72

The ultimate issue is the degree to which the probative value of the evidence outweighs it's prejudicial effect

Question 73

What is the difference in transfer of title when something is stolen or something is obtained by deceit?

Answer 73

A thief never gets title

Question 74

Define title

Answer 74

A right or claim to the ownership of property A legal right to the property Another term for title is ‘property in’

Question 75

What is a voidable title?

Answer 75

A title obtained by deception, fraud, duress or misrepresentation. This means the title can be voided by the seller The defrauder (seller) has voidable title and the buyer acquires the good title of the goods if bought in good faith and without notice of the sellers defect of title (s151)

Question 76

Genuine sale

Answer 76

B buys car from A and pays cash for it B gains possession of the car and title to it A intends to pass his title to B

Question 77

Unlawful taking/ theft

Answer 77

B steals car from A B gains possession but not title, as A DID NOT INTEND to pass the title on (a thief never gains title to the goods they steal)

Question 78

Civil action

Answer 78

A agrees to sell car to B A passes on good title to B (confirmed by documents lodge by motor vehicle registry) B to pay A $500 in four instalments, but only one instalment has been paid To void B’s title and reclaim ownership, A can bring a claim in the small claims tribunal

Question 79

Obtained by deception

Answer 79

B views A’s car that is for sale B is a prolific fraudster and has no intention to pay for the car B convinces A he is a genuine and honest buyer and they shake hands agreeing B can take the car home and pay A the following day (A is induced to part with the car willingly) B gives false details and avoids further contact with A B obtains possession and title of the car because A INTENDED to pass over title However, A’s CONSENT has been obtained by deception so B’s title is regarded as voidable A must notify Police as well as take civil steps to void the title

Question 80

What is the difference between theft and obtaining by deception?

Answer 80

Ownership and possession - The offender has gained property by deception because the owner has freely given it to the offender (however title is voidable) Possession - if offender has gained property by theft and without the owners knowledge or consent (no ownership or title)

Question 81

If person B obtains a vehicle by deception and therefore gains voidable title, then they sell it to person C in good faith what happens to title?

Answer 81

Person C acquires a good title to the goods, provided he buys them in good faith and without notice of the sellers defect of title (s151)

Question 82

What is the exception to the rule "you cannot get a better title than the seller" s246(4)

Answer 82

Title, obtained by a false pretence is still a ‘legal title’ If the original purchaser sells goods to an innocent buyer, then title has been made legal A person cannot be convicted of ‘receiving’ from a fraudulent offender who has voidable title to goods he obtained by means of deception, unless they received it in bad faith or knew of the defect in title

Question 83

When does title change hands with a hire purchase?

Answer 83

When A pays the full amount, then they get title If A pays a deposit, then only possession is obtained If A sells to B and B has guilty knowledge that A has not yet paid the full amount then B can be guilty of the offence of receiving as B has no title A commits theft by conversion

Question 84

What are the two core elements for the offence ‘Theft by person in special relationship’ (s220)?

Answer 84

That they have received property on terms or circumstances which, to the defendants knowledge, affect what the defendant may do with the property or it's proceeds, or require the defendant to act in accordance with the requirements of another person, AND The defendant intentionally departed from the relevant obligation

Question 85

What are four circumstances of ‘Theft by person in special relationship’ (s220)?

Answer 85

The defendant intentionally: - Failed to report to any other person for property AND the proceeds of property received by the defendant - Dealt with property AND the proceeds of the property received by the defendant otherwise than in accordance with the requirements of some other person The mere fact of intentionally failing to perform one’s only if actions is sufficient for liability. No need to prove they acted dishonestly or without claim of right

Question 86

What are the two mental elements of ‘Theft by person in special relationship’ (s220)?

Answer 86

The defendant must know that they are required to: - deal with the property or it's proceeds OR - account for the property or proceeds in accordance with the direction of the other person AND - have intentionally departed from their obligations (this is sufficient for liability, there is no requirement that the accused is shown to have acted dishonestly or without claim of right)

Question 87

Forgery 256(1)

Answer 87

Not exceeding 10 years Makes a false document with intent of using it to obtain: - any property, privilege, service, pecuniary advantage, benefit, or valuable consideration

Question 88

Forgery 256(2)

Answer 88

Not exceeding 3 years Makes a false document knowing it to be false with intent that it in any way: - be used OR - acted upon Whether in NZ or elsewhere, as genuine (*a false document must lie about itself or intend to convey a lie*)

Question 89

When is forgery complete?

Answer 89

Forgery is complete when the document is made with intent s256(1) or with knowledge and intent s256(2) Forgery is complete even though the document may be incomplete but was made as to indicate that it was intended to be genuine

Question 90

Define false document

Answer 90

The whole or any material part claiming to be made, or altered or reproduced, by any person or on behalf of any person who did not authorise it's making, or on behalf of a fictitious person There is no requirement that the defendant use the document, as long as the intention to do so is present and the defendant knows that the document is false

Question 91

What is an example of a false document?

Answer 91

A painted copy of a Goldie painting trying to pass off as the original

Question 92

Define alteration

Answer 92

A document is altered if it is changed in some manner

Question 93

Define destruction

Answer 93

To end the existence of

Question 94

Define reproduction

Answer 94

Producing a copy or representation of, or made in imitation

Question 95

To prove deception, the prosecution must:

Answer 95

- prove that there was an intent to deceive - there was a representation by the defendant - the representation was false and the defendant either: - knew it to be false OR - was reckless whether it was false

Question 96

Define authorisation

Answer 96

Conferred on a person by or under an enactment or a rule of law, or by an order of a court or judicial process

Question 97

Define benefit

Answer 97

Includes any advantage and is not limited to financial or pecuniary advantage

Question 98

Loss (R v Billingsley)

Answer 98

The person who suffers loss does not have to be aware of the loss at the time of the offence

Question 99

What are examples of making material alterations to genuine documents?

Answer 99

Additions Insertions Deletions Obliterations Erasures Removal of material or otherwise An alteration increases the value or negotiability of a document A false document can be made by making material alterations to a genuine document

Question 100

If you photocopy a false document is this a forgery?

Answer 100

No because the document does not 'tell a lie about itself'

Question 101

When is forgery complete?

Answer 101

As soon as the document is made with knowledge and intent (you do not need to intend that a person will be affected by the forged document) To go on to use the document will be a separate offence

Question 102

What is the specified intent needed for forgery?

Answer 102

Intent to deceive is not an element of forgery Prosecution must prove that at the time of the alleged act the defendant knew the document was false and had intended: - to use the false document to obtain OR - that the false document be use or acted on as genuine It is not enough that the maker knows the document is false, they also must have the intent to deceive by means of that which is false

Question 103

What are examples of forgery?

Answer 103

- Writing an exam in the name of another person - Predating a deed to give it priority over another - Forging letters of recommendation to obtain a position - Falsely completing a statement of service in a witness summons

Question 104

Using forged documents s257

Answer 104

Not exceeding 10 years Knowing a document to be forged: - uses the document to obtain any property, privilege, service, pecuniary advantage, benefit, or valuable consideration OR - uses it as a genuine document OR - causes any other person to use it or act upon it as if it was genuine

Question 105

What must you prove in relation to the use of a forged document?

Answer 105

The defendant knew the document was forged at the time of using, dealing with or acting upon it To prove the document is a forgery, you must prove: - the document was false - the user knew that the document had been made with the knowledge and intent required under s256

Question 106

What are the three requirements for concealing something?

Answer 106

In Police v Boyd the word conceal included: - the actual hiding of a document - the denial of its existence - the withholding of it in the face of a positive duty to produce it

Question 107

Altering, concealing, destroying or reproducing documents with intent to deceive (s258)

Answer 107

Not exceeding 10 years - with intent to obtain by deception any property, privilege, service, pecuniary advantage, benefit or valuable consideration OR - cause loss to any other person - Alters, conceals, or destroys any document or causes any document to be altered, concealed or destroyed OR - Makes a document or causes a document to be made, that is in whole or part, a reproduction of any document

Question 108

What is the difference between forgery and altering/reproducing a document

Answer 108

The definitions of document and intent - Forgery: An intention to deceive is required, not an intent to obtain by deception (the document must be a false document for a forgery charge) - In altering a doc: you must prove that the offender intended to obtain by deception (any document can be altered or reproduced for this charge)

Question 109

Using altered or reproduced document with intent to deceive (s259)

Answer 109

Not exceeding 10 years - Knowing any document to have been made or altered in the manner, and -with intent to obtain by deception any PPPBSV OR - Cause loss to any other person - Uses or dealt with or acts upon the document OR - causes any person to use or deal with, or act upon, the document

Question 110

Under s259, using an altered or reproduced document, where can it be produced

Answer 110

It can be altered or reproduced outside NZ, if it is being used, dealt with or acted upon within NZ

Question 111

What are the three mental elements for ‘Using altered or reproduced document with intent to deceive’ (s259)?

Answer 111

1. The defendant must know the relevant matters relating to the document (that the document had been altered with intent to deceive) 2. The defendant intended by the use of the document, or by causing another to use or rely on it, to obtain by deception PPPSVB 3. The intention to acquire or retain the property or to cause loss by deception All that is required is an intention to deceive another person by a lie or a deliberate failure to disclose the truth

Question 112

What do you need to prove a forgery charge under s256(1)?

Answer 112

The suspect: - made a false document - with intent to use it to obtain property etc

Question 113

What do you need to prove a forgery charge under s256(2)?

Answer 113

The suspect: - made a false document - knowing it to be false - with intent that it in any way be used or acted upon, as genuine - essentially, a false document must lie about itself or intended to convey a lie

Question 114

When is a material alternation

Answer 114

If it increases the value or negotiability of a document or instrument

Question 115

How do you avoid a title?

Answer 115

- Communication to B (bringing it to B’s attention by writing a letter, text, phone call) - Advise the police that the property was obtained by fraud

Question 116

Define access in relation to a computer system?

Answer 116

Means instruct, communicate with, store data in, receive data from, or make use of any of the resources of the computer system It covers all interactions with a computer system such as: - using a computer at work - viewing a website - using a virus Access requires that the person instructing or communicating with the computer system has some form of connection with the computer system through which instructions of communications may pass A person is not required to be physically present to access a computer system, they can gain access to it via software that remotely infects computers

Question 117

Define computer system

Answer 117

All related input, output, processing, storage, software, or communication facilities and stored data It can encompass one computer or a network of computers or a computer connected to the internet with the potential of connecting to millions of networked computers

Question 118

What is the difference between ‘Accessing computer system for dishonest purpose’ s249(1) and s249(2)

Answer 118

The distinction is reflected by the words ‘thereby’ and ‘obtains’ 249(1) - A person accesses the computer system and obtains the offending material, or causes loss 249(2): A person accesses the computer system with intent, regardless of the result (*to prove s249(2) charge the offender intended to obtain PSPAVCPB or cause loss to any other person*)

Question 119

What is needed to prove a charge of ‘Accessing a computer system for dishonest purpose’ s249(2)?

Answer 119

The offender: - obtained any property, privilege, service, pecuniary advantage, benefit, or valuable consideration OR - causes loss to any other person

Question 120

What is the difference s250(1) and s250(2) ‘Damaging or interfering with a computer system’?

Answer 120

s250(1): criminalises the destruction, damaging or altering of a computer system that the defendant knows or ought to know would endanger life s250(2): makes it an offence to damage any computer system and the defendant acted without authority with the knowledge they are not authorised or reckless as to whether they are authorised s250(2)(b): the defendant has arranged matters that the victim, or the acts of third parties, will cause damage to the victims computer system

Question 121

s252 Accessing computer system without authorisation

Answer 121

Intentionally gained access, directly or indirectly, to a computer system where access was not authorised, Knowing that they are not authorised to access it, or being reckless as to whether or not they are authorised to access it - the offence does not apply to a person who has authorisation but accesses the computer for a purpose other than the one for which they are given access

Question 122

In company deception what are the types of investigation?

Answer 122

A: large scale thefts and other dishonesty offences against employers by employees B: Dishonesty offences committed against financial institutions by people outside the institution obtaining money from it through deception C: commercial deception committed against the public who entice people to invest money D: dishonesty offences committed by professional people in a position of trust against their clients

Question 123

Who do you seek advice from when investigating company deception?

Answer 123

- Police accountants and legal officers - Ministry of business and employment - Commerce commission - Liquidators and receivers - NZ customs - Financial markets authority

Question 124

What are the steps in investigating deception regarding credit card and cheque offences

Answer 124

1. Interview the informant 2. Contact the account manager at the bank 3. Find out information when the account has been opened with fictitious details 4. Obtain suspects handwriting on bank documents 5. Interview the account holder and obtain a statement (in order to prosecute you must establish an intent to defraud) 6. Contact other police stations and fraud squads that may hold related complaints and information 7. Find out if there is CCTV images of the offender

Question 125

When an account has been opened with fictitious details what details do you find out?

Answer 125

- Account number and date opened - Nature and amount of first deposit - Any other deposits - Details used when it was opened - Details of suspect - Employees who can ID the suspect

Question 126

For cheque and credit card fraud, what must you not do with documents needing to be fingerprinted?

Answer 126

- punch, fold or crease them - use staples, pins or cello tape - make impressions on them You should place them on file in a clear plastic bag

Question 127

When must you notify the Serious Fraud Office?

Answer 127

All fraud complaints: - with an actual or potential loss in excess of $2,000,000 - where the facts, law or evidence is of great complexity - of great interest or concern (fraud involving a public figure)

Question 128

What do you find out from the accounts manager at the bank?

Answer 128

- Account holders full name and details - Date account was opened - Account history - How and who reported the loss - Serial numbers of missing cheques - Date the credit card or cheque book was reported missing