December Mocks Flashcards
Name the 6 functions of the skeleton.
support, movement, protection of vital organs, storage of minerals, blood cell production, shape/ structure
Name the 5 types of bone.
Long, flat, irregular, short, sesamoid
Describe the term long bone
longer than they are wide
Describe the term flat bone
thin but a large surface area
Describe the term irregular bone
complex bones range of function
Describe the term short bone
cube shaped same width and length
Describe the term sesamoid bone
small bone found embedded in muscle/tendon
Name the 6 types of joint
hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, saddle, pivot, slightly moveable
Give an example of a hinge joint and what joint actions are available
knee, ankle, elbow
flexion and extension
Give an example of a ball and socket joint and what joint actions are available
pelvis, shoulder
rotation, flexion and adbuction and adduction
Give an example of a pivot joint and what joint actions are available
neck
rotation
Give an example of a saddle joint and what joint actions are available
thumb
rotation, abduction and adduction
Give an example of a condyloid joint and what joint actions are available
wrist
rotation, extension and flexion
Give an example of a slightly moveable joint and what joint actions are available
vertebral column
Name the 5 section of the spine
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
Describe kyphosis
curvature of the top of the spine, presents as rounding at the top of the back, neck and shoulders, mild to severe back pain
Describe lordosis
excessive curvature of the lumbar region, presents as arch in lower back, most common symptom muscle pain
Describe scoliosis
sideward movement of the “s” or “c” shape, tendancy to lean to one side and may struggle to stand straigt
Name the 3 types of muscle
cardiac, skeletal, smooth
Explain the cardiac muscle
highly specialised, only in the heart, involuntary
Explain the smooth muscle
involuntary muscle, unstriated, found in walls of many organs
Explain the skeletal muscle
attached to bone to contract to assist bone movement, voluntary ( controlled by nerve impulses)
Define agonist
the muscle that contracts to allow the movement to take place
Define antagonist
the muscle that relaxes to allow the muscle to relax
Define origin
the anchorage (end of agonist)
Define insertion
end of muscle that causes tension
Name 6 muscle pairs
biceps - triceps
trapezium - pectorals
abdominals - latisimmus dorsi
deltoids - back
quadriceps - hamstring
tibialis anterior - gastrocnemius
What are the two types of muscle contractions
isotonic and isometric
Name and explain the two types of isotonic contraction
eccentric - muscle lengthen to develop tension
concentric - muscle shorten to develop tension
Name the explani the isometric contraction
static - muscles provide tension but stays the same length
Describe the characteristics in a type 1 muscle fibre
dark red in colour
slow twitch
slow contraction speed
slow fatigue
can’t generate much force
provide own energy source
Describe the characteristics in a type 2 muscle fibre
white in colour
fast twitch
fast contraction speed
fast fatigue speed
more powerful force
Define vital capacity
greatest volume of air to be expelled from the lungs after a deep breath
Define inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after tidal volume
Define expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled after tidal volume
Define residual volume
volume of air left in the lungs arfter forced expiration
Explain the structure of arteries
blood away from heart
bright red oxygenated blood
thick, muscular elastic walls to withstand pressure
large lumen
Explain the structure of veins
blood towards the heart
dark red oxygenated blood
no stretch , no pulse
valves to prevent backflow of blood
small lumen
Explain the structure of capillaries
huge network of tiny vessels
very narrow - 1 blood cell thick
thin walls allow rapid diffusion
Describe the path of deoxygenated blood
from the body
through vena cava
into right atrium
through tricuspid valve
into right ventricle
through pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
to the lungs
Describe the path of oxygenated blood
from the lungs
through pulmonary vein
into the left atrium
through bicuspid valve
into the left ventricle
through aortic valve
through aorta
to the body
Define stroke volume
amount of blood pumped per minute
Define cardiac output
stroke volume x cardiac output = HR
What are the two types of blood pressure
systolic and diastolic
What is the ideal blood pressure
90/60 - 120/80 mmhg
