Deb's Police Admin Notes Flashcards
In 1829 parliament passed the Metropolitan Police act with the strong support of ________ creating a full-time police Agency for London.
Sir Robert Peel
In 1833 who became the first city in this country to have a paid full-time police force?
Philadelphia
In 1844 what city created the first unified day-night police force?
New York City
There were already free African Americans in the west that number was increased after 1865 due to what four reasons?
- Assistance from the federal Freedmen’s Bureau
- Flight from the South’s new sharecropper system that effectively re-enslaved the recently emancipated
- Laws enacted to keep Negroes segregated and Powerless
- The brutality of the Klu Klux Klan KKK.
What Calvary was historically comprised of African Americans with an excellent reputation as Fighters?
The 10th Cavalry
The process of acquiring and maintaining control over a government, including its policies, Administration, and operations.
Politics
What was often a tightly controlled political party headed by a boss or small autocratic group whose purpose was to repeatedly win elections for personal gain often to graft and Corruption.
Political machine or machine politics
The use of government Resources by politicians to reward loyal rotors is called _____ or _q______ _______.
Patronage or spoils system
The _______ ______ was established mandating that federal employees pass a competitive examination and be appointed on the basis of merit
Pendleton Act
Change came in the form of the _____ _______ which had two immediate needs.
- Arousing the public from its apathy.
- Creating a conceptual cornerstone or model for improvement.
Reformation Period
Who is the father of modern law enforcement?
August “Gus” Vollmer
What movement had ministers use their pulpits to denounce drinking, claiming that those who imbided excessively were sinners who had lost their way with God.
Temperance movement
Prohibition was ratified as the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution that same year Congress pass the National Prohibition Act more commonly known as the ______ _______.
Volstead Act
CALEA is a independent accrediting body for law enforcement.
Commission on Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies
______ district received no regular patrols; officers who responded to calls entered and left the district by the shortest routes.
Reactive
________ districts were saturated with two or three times the normal amount of patrolling.
Proactive
________ districts were saturated with two or three times the normal amount of patrolling.
Proactive
______ district maintain regular or normal patrolling.
Control
Custom tailored police services and solutions to problems, as well as a renewed focus on crime prevention rather than crime detection.
Community Oriented Policing (COP)
Focuses on targeting police responses to less serious areas. Therefore requiring non-discriminatory enforcement of all crimes.
Zero Tolerance Policing (ZTP)
Is based on data analysis of a constellation of sources including intelligence, agency records and scientific research.
Evidence-based Policing (EBP)
Larry Sherman pioneered the notation of ___- ____ _____ by analyzing crime data. He concluded that a relatively few places or addresses in a city produce roughly half of all crimes.
Hot-spot Policing
The first mass murder on an American University campus occurred where?
University of Texas in 1966
This strategy was designed to move from a traditional, reactive, incident-driven agency to a more proactive and community -oriented department.
Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS)
Wilson and Kelling argued that crimes seem to increase dramatically in neighborhoods where visible signs of social decay and disorder were present.
“Broken windows”
What are the three complementary elements of community policing (COP)?
- Community Partnership
- Problem solving using the SARA model
- Organizational transformation
Name the components in the problem-solving phase of community policing.
Scanning
Analysis
Response
Assessment
What are the key components of comstat?
- Accurate and timely intelligence
- Rapid deployment of resources
- Effective tactics and strategies that focus on visible Street crimes or quality of life crimes.
- Relentless follow-up and assessment.
The Newport News Police Department developed an approach to policing known as?
Problem-oriented policing or POP
Officers are encouraged to group individual, related incidents as problems and Define these problems in a more precise and useful terms.
Scanning
Collect information from a variety of public and private sources not just traditional police data.
Analysis
The knowledge gained in the analysis stage is then used to develop and Implement Solutions.
Response
Officers evaluate the impact and effectiveness of their responses. Were the original problems actually solved or alleviate it?
Assessment
The Minneapolis, Comstat program was referred to as
____ ______ _______- _____
__ ______. It combined the latest technology in computer applications and geographical mapping with field proven police techniques.
Computer Optimized Deployment Focused on Results.
CODEFOR
According to Sherman ______-_____ ______ is the use of best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers.
Evidence-Based Policing
In Shermans Triple-T strategy name the three components.
- Targeting
- Testing
- Tracking
Involves assessing relative levels of harm in allocating police resources based on this measure.
Targeting
Looks at examining research for evidence of success or failure to determine how the strategy is working.
Testing
Is an effort to continually check performance and implementations.
Tracking
Sherman (Hot-spots Policing) found that only a few locations were responsible for a majority of police calls for service and reported crimes particularly predatory crimes such as:
Muggings, vehicle thefts, burglary, robbery and rape.
Is a business model for policing.
Intelligence-led policing
Uses information and analytical tools to achieve the goal of crime prevention.
Predictive policing
Is the process of identifying patterns and relationships between crime data and other relevant data sources to prioritize and Target police activity.
Crime analysis
- A tabular or graphic display *Cluster in specific locations Focus is on recent criminal incidences.
Tactical crime analysis or crime specific analysis
The study of social problems in a specific area in an effort to determine long-term patterns
Strategic crime analysis
A graphic portrayal of associations and relationships among people organizations events activities and locations. This is a tool to reveal hidden connections among criminals.
Link analysis
Charting that depicts key events of criminal activity in chronological order.
Visual investigative analysis
Computerized case management in which large amounts of data are compiled and indexed.
Case analysis and Management Systems (CAMS)
Networks of offenders often associated with organized crime, gangs, drug traffickers, prostitution rings and terrorist organizations.
Intelligence analysis
Name two geographic information systems (GSI)
- statistical spatial analysis
(between points in a particular area) - spatial modeling
(concerned with the technology and application of data)
What is one of the most important technological advantages of the information age? ( speed and efficiency combined with global reach)
The internet
What is the most common use of social media in law enforcement?
Investigative purposes
What are the most frequently used social media platforms?
Facebook, Twitter and YouTube
President’s task force on 21st century policing make it clear that ______ _____ ______ should be the priority both to increase police legitimacy, tackle systemic quality-of-life issues and reinvigorate community and police dialogue.
Engaging with youth
What is the most common use of social media in law enforcement?
Investigative purposes
What are the most frequently used social media platforms?
Facebook, Twitter and YouTube
The President’s Task Force on 21st century policing makes it clear that engaging with _______ should be a priority both to increase police legitimacy, tackle systemic quality of life issues, and to reinvigorate Community Police dialogue.
Youth
Data and information that have been evaluated, analyzed and produced with careful conclusions and recommendations.
Intelligence
The _______ ______ is the process of developing unrefined data into polish intelligence for use of policymakers.
Intelligence Cycle
What are 6 steps of the intelligence cycle.
RPC-PAD
- Requirements
- Planning and Direction
- Collection
- Processing and Exploitation
- Analysis and Production
- Dissemination
The movement to integrate information and develop an over arching process of managing the flow of information and intelligence across all levels and sectors of government and private security.
Fusion Centers
The only secure Web base nationwide network for communication and exchange of criminal intelligence information by local state federal and tribal law enforcement agencies.
Regional Information Sharing Systems (RISS)
Prohibits the US military from acting in a law enforcement capacity on American soil, except under express authority from Congress.
The Posse Comitatus Act
There are 4 primary areas of responsibility with and go to apartment of homeland security.
BECI
- Border security & transportation
- Emergency Preparedness & response
- Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear countermeasures.
- Intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection
Who is responsible for immigration policy airport security and the protection of the president?
DHS=Department of Homeland Security
Actions conducted by individuals that have no name-state.
Ex. AL-QAEDA, HAMAS, HEZBOLLA
ISIS
Transnational Terrorism
Actions conducted by groups within a nation Usually against the government Or specific groups within a nation state.
Ex. Lone Wolf
KKK, Animal liberation Front, Neo Nazis
Domestic Terrorism
Actions conducted in the International arena by individuals or members of a nation-state.
Usually members of intelligence secret service employed by governments.
Ex. Cuban DGI, KGB, British M-9
International terrorism
Actions conducted by governments against their own people.
Ex. Hitler, Joseph Stalin & Pol Pot
State Terrorism
A network of many different fundamental Islamic groups and divers countries.
- Osama bin Laden
- Ayman al Zawahiri
al-Qaeda (AQ)
Purging of Western Influences
Holy War or Jihad
Extremest who are legal U.S. residents or even citizens, and who are linked to or inspired by a specific, often intolerant ideology.
Homegrown Terrorists
What are the most effective to lease effective downward communication findings?
- Oral and written communication combined
- Oral communication only
- Written communication only
- The bulletin board
- The organizational grapevine
What are the 5 steps of communication within an organization?
- Job instruction
- Job rationale
- Procedures and practices
- Feedback
- Indoctrination
What is the grapeville’e most effective characteristics?
Fast
Name the three primary concerns that continue to plague Fusion Centers.
- expensive
- mission creep (expanded roll of crime fighting and reduction)
- cost to violating civil liberties
This system promotes and information sharing Environment.
Suspicious Activity Reports (SAR)
4 primary areas of responsibility within the Department of Homeland Security.
- Border security and transportation
- Emergency preparedness and response
- Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear counter measures
- Intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection
What is the Department of Homeland Security is responsible for ?
Nation security and preventing terror
Immigration
Airport Security
Protection of the president
Individuals that have no nation-state
Transnational
Ex. Al-Qaeda, Hamas & ISIS
Actions by groups with in a nation usually against the government or specific groups.
Domestic Terrorism (Lone Wolf)
Actions by governments against their own population.
State Terrorism
Actions in the International arena by individuals that are members of a nation state.
International terrorism
What are the 5 categories referred to as protected classes?
- Race
- Color
- Sex
- PNational Origin
- Religion
The person must have been intentionally treated differently because of his or her membership in a protected class, must be more than slight.
Disparate Treatment
Limits on compensatory and punitive damages vary by size are the employer. Four
15-100=50,000
101-200=100,000
201-500=200,00
More than 500=300,000
An employment practice that, although lacking any discriminatory intent and on its face appearing to be neutral, an employer is prohibited from using because it has an unjustified impact on members of a protected class.
Adverse Impact
If the passing rate on the test for any race, sex, or ethnic group is less than ______or _______ percent of the passing rate for the group with the highest passing rate an adverse impact exist.
4/5ths or 80 percent
Unwelcome action toward an individual on the basis of race, color, sex, including pregnancy, national origin, age, religion, disability or genetic information.
Harassment
What 2 categories fall under sexual harassment?
- Quid pro quo (Exchange or Something for something)
* Hostile environment (Prohibited and unwelcome behavior )
Only forbids age discrimination against people who are age ______ or older and work in an organization with _______ or more employees.
Fill in the blanks and Name the Act
Age:40 , 20 or More
Age discrimination in employment Act
The primary law prohibiting discrimination against pregnant women and is applicable to businesses with _____ or more employees and all public employers.
Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA)
A disability is?
1= A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. 2= A record of such an impairment. 3= A perception that a person has such an impairment.
Intention is to help employees balance their career and family needs.
Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
A test actually measures what it is intended to measure.
Validity
If the same test was given again or in a parallel form to the same group of people they would score substantially the same. Speaks to getting consistent rather than random results.
Reliability
Born between 1925-1945
(Generally loyal security conscious and conforming they were born from the great depression until the end of World War II)
Silent Generation
Born between 1946-1964
Have turn Gray and are at or beyond normal retirement years but are often reluctant to retired.
Baby Boomers
Born between 1965-1980
Makes up a large number of officers employed by police agencies Xers are more ethnically diverse than baby boomers grew up in families where both parents worked and were the first generation of
latch -key children.
Generation X
Born between 1981-1994
Children of baby boomers who are entering Law Enforcement our agencies. The “Yers” have also been called the millenniums, dot.com babies, and thumbers.
Generation Y
Born between 1995-2010
Zedders Have a fascination with virtual realities that may lead to impoverished social and interpersonal skills.
Generation Z
Born between 2011-2025
This generation will be best educated of all the generations and the most technologically sophisticated.
Alpha Generation
World-wide the four most popular social networking sites are?
The most frequently use social media platforms are?
- YouTube
Engaging with youth should be a priority both to increase police legitimacy tackle, systemic quality of life issues, and to reinvigorate/ community or police dialogue.
President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing
What are three steps in Kurt Lewin’s Model on Organizational Change?
- Unfreezing
- Moving
- Refreezing
Making Officers Receptive/Motivated to change.
Comfort zone
Unfreezing
Implementation of change occurs; Officers experience the new ways.
(Transitional Phase)
Moving
Change is made permanent as officers accept the new ways as being the normal way.
Refreezing
Five steps in Traditional Action Research Model.
RAACE
- Recognize the Need
- Assessing/Diagnose
- Action Plan
- Change/Implementation
- Evaluation
This model explores the various drivers of change and ranks them in order of importance.
Burke-Litwin Model
Why change occurs in law enforcement agencies?
- Reaction to crisis
- Fluctuation of crime rates
- Technology Advances
- Politics
- Changing workforces
- Changing paradigms or models
To accomplish organizational change, the police manager needs a combination of _______ & ______.
will & skill
Research suggest that between _____and ______ of the time the major results that were anticipated for organizational change were not produced.
50 & 80
Fusion Centers detractors:
- Exspensive
- Mission Creep: expanded role to include crime fightinh & reduction
- Close to violating civil liberties
A system that promotes an information sharing environment.
SAR Suspicious Activity Reporting System
The Kansas City preventive Patrol study examined three types of Patrol services to see what difference each made.
- reactive districts
- proactive districts
- control districts
A bold reform effort to reshape how police resources were used and to reduce the amount of specialization by using Patrol officers in a variety of roles, such as plain-clothes assignments.
Team Policing
CALEA 1979
Commission on Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies
Fourth Amendment guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure.
Mapp vs. Ohio (1961)
Fourteenth amendment required legal counsel be appointed for all indigent defendants.
Gideon vs. Wainwright (1963)
Entitled to confer with an attorney as soon as the focus of police investigation shifts from investigatory to accusatory.
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
Before questioning suspects inform them of their constitutional right to be silent and the right to an attorney.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
James Q. Wilson identified three distinctly different styles of Law Enforcement.
- Watchman: eco declining cities
- Legalistic: heterogeneous Popula
- Service: Needs of citizens
With approximately 3100 county departments in the United States they are typically elected as opposed to their pointed counterparts police chiefs
Sheriff’s
Types of oversight systems
- Type1: citizens invest misconduct
- Type2:police invest allegations
- Type3:compl may appeal findings
- Type4:auditor invests to process
Blau & Scott identify 4 types of formal organizations by asking “cui bono” or “who benefits “.
- mutual benifit associations
- business concerns
- service organizations
- commonweal organizations
The father of Scientific management.
Frederick W. Taylor
The 3 branches for stems of traditional organizational theory are:
- Scientific management *Bureaucratic model
* Administrative or management theory.
Say theory of motivation in its believe that employees will be guided in their actions by what is in their economic self interests.
Scientific management
Pure bureaucradic model of organizational structure. The organization of offices fouls the principle of hierarchy that is each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one.
Max Weber
Sought to identify genetic or universal methods of it administration. POSDCORD
Luther Gulick
Go lick coined the most familiar and enduring acronym of administration. POSDCORB
- Planning: Identifying the things
- Organizing: Formal structure
- Staffing: Recruiting
- Directing: making decisions
- COordinating: Enter relating various parts
- Reporting:Keeping leader informed
- Budgeting: Develop me a plan in financial terms
The Knapp commission investigating corruption in New York City police department distinguish between:
- Meat Eaters those who overtly pursue opportunities to profit from police powers.
- Grass Eaters those who simply accept the pay offs that police work brought their way.
Who was the psychiatry C developed the needs hierarchy to explain individual motivation?
Abraham Maslow
Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy
- Physiological Needs
- Safety Needs
- Belongingness & Love Needs
- Selfesteem Needs
- Self Actualization Needs
Douglas McGregor believe that many Managerial acts rested on conscious or subconscious assumptions and beliefs about how workers behave.
Theory X & Theory Y
Requirement that each lower level of organization be supervised by a higher level. This authority flows downward in the organization.
Principle of hierarchy
Number of personnel a supervisor can personally manage effectively.
(Ideal number of subordinates reporting to a supervisor is 8 to 12)
Span of Management
According to the Chaos Theory when natural disasters strike small, helpful, self-initiated acts have a ripple effect causing others to become energized and helpful.
Butterfly effect
Police officers working in the field, are the face of the government, meeting with members of the public and using their discretion on how to implement public policy.
Street Level Bureaucrats
Driving forces push for a new condition and restraining forces resist the change. What was the name of Kurt Lewin’s decision making tool.
Force-Field Analysis
Law enforcement practices associated with what type of learning include after action reports, staff inspections, and program evaluations?
Double loop learning
This learning allows organizations to make corrections and carry out their present efforts toward achieving objectives.
Single loop learning
Use this system to prevent being overwhelmed.
Coding
In street level bureaucrats what are the the 2 modes out of which they operate.
- State agents who believe in following the law and policy.
* Citizens agents who will bend or ignore policy.
Good prospect of moving towards the Cline disorganization and death.
Entropic Process
This approach focuses on combining task into larger and larger sets of task. Is often use during periods of retrenchment when organizational growth has declined.
Bottom up or synthesis approach
This approach looks at the over all work of the organization at the top and splits this into increasedly more specialized task as one moves from the top to the bottom of the organization. Often use and growing organizations.
Top-down
Community and Problem Oriented policing is a _____ ____philosophy that places street officers at the forefront of problem identification and subsequent solution.
Bottom-up
Com stat an intelligence led policing are much more hierarchal and emphasize the ____ ____ approach.
Top-down
