Dealing with Offenders

Question 1

Sentencing

Answer 1

1. Retribution: corrects an imbalance created by the offences, by inflicting pain on the offender
2. Incapacitation: crime control by removing offenders from circumstances where they might recommit
3. Deterrence
   - specific deterrence: impact of punishment on the individual
   - general deterrence: wider effect of sentencing on others and the community
4. Rehabilitation: individual realizes his impact on society -> is encouraged to become reformed and to desist from criminal acts
5. Restoration: recognition of the rights and needs of crime victims (impact statements, restorative justice (attempted reconciliation between offender and victim)

Question 2

Multimodal approach to offending

Answer 2

intervention programmes that have more than one target of change (Social skills, thinking, substance abuse..) or employ more than one method of achieving it

Question 3

Anger management to offending

Answer 3

tend to be short, less intense, based on the assupmtion that one factor (angeror antisocial thinking) is the cause of violent behavior

Question 4

General offending program:

Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R&R) program

Answer 4

• first programme of the sorts, was discontinued

- ETS was used

Question 5

General offending program:

Enhanced thinking skills (ETS)program

Answer 5

• developed to complete the R&R program
• intervention for medium risk offenders
• focus on provision of interpersonal problem solving, social, and moral reasoning skills
• use of prosocial modeling

Question 6

General offending program:

Think first program

Answer 6

• social components: problem solving, self-management, social skills training
• offense focused: analysis of offenders own criminal behavior -> behavior modification

Question 7

General offending program:

Thinking Skills program (TSP)

Answer 7

• for offenders at medium to high risk of reconviction
• aims to reduce reoffending first through the development of thinking skills, then through application of these skills
• aids offender in setting pro-social goals supportive of relapse prevention
• offense focused: offender must explore patterns of offending
• focus on self-control, problem-solving, and positive relationships

Question 8

Treating sex offenders:

Risk/Need/Responsivity (RNR)

Answer 8

• prioritzes high-risk cases, treating their identified psychological probkems (their criminogenic needs) in a way that is appropriate to the person in question (responsivity issues)
  criticism: focus on criminogenic needs, means that individual is not treated as a whole but as a collective of criminogenic needs -> other problems are neglected

Risk principle:
to impact on offending behaviour the level of intervention received by an offender should depend on the level of risk that he poses. Offenders assessed as high-risk cases should receive a greater level of intervention than oTenders who are low risk.
Need principle: determines the targets of treatment. To reduce recidivis9c behaviour, interventions
should target only those needs that contribute to oTending behaviour: criminogenic needs.
Responsivity principle: those programmes that successfully match the style and method of delivery to
the learning styles of the aVendees will be more eTec9ve.

Question 9

Treating sex offenders:

Relapse prevention approach

Answer 9

• self-management approach designed to teach individuals who are trying to change behavior, how to anticipate and cope with problems of relapse
• to help offenders maintain control over their sexual deviances

Question 10

Treating sex offenders:

Good lives model

Answer 10

• more positive focus
• offers treatment in a more appealing way -> thus increases their likelihood of benefitting from treatment
• sexual offending arises as a result of an attempt to obtain goods in an inappropriate way

Criticsm: lack of evidence

Question 11

Risk and Need Instruments

Answer 11

• Offender Assessment System:
• Level of service inventory:
• Offender group reconviction scale (OGRS):
• Mentally disordered: PCL-R:
• Violent offenders: historical, clinical risk management 20:
• Sex offenders:
  1. RM2000
  2. SARN

Question 12

Legislation to supervise mentally ill offenders

Answer 12

• MAPPA (Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements)
• Mental health act
• Mental capacity act
• Mental health review tribunal