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DEAF 383 Flashcards > DEAF 383 Flashcards > Flashcards

DEAF 383 Flashcards

1
Q

Contextualized/Context(8)

A

People, place and purpose, it is not possible to
determine the meaning of things in any language unless you have an
understanding of the culture and the language because together they give
words and signs their meaning. Remember that words and signs occur in a
specific time and place with certain people, that would be the context.

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2
Q

Emotive Value(8)

A

Refers to the array of emotions visible in the communication,
whether signed or spoken, it can be identified in a raised voice, pronounced
facial expressions, or obvious posture.

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3
Q

Mediate/Mediation(8)

A

Enables citizens from differing cultural and linguistic
communities to come together to foster personal interaction, communication
and understanding; mediation can help dissolve psychological and social
barriers that exclude certain people groups

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4
Q

Worldview(8)

A

contains everything they know about the world around them

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5
Q

Ways of being(8)

A

It is essential for interpreters to understand the ways of being among those for
whom they will interpret. This requires bilingual fluency in the languages
used by each people group, which demands that interpreters understand rules that
determine how that language is used, as well as the unwritten rules defining
acceptable behavior. This includes, among a myriad of other elements how
members of that culture interact with each other, take turns in conversations,
interrupt, and change the ways they use language based on where they are or who
is present. It also includes how they confirm understanding, and how they express
emotions when communicating with others who share their communication norms.

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6
Q

Mundane(8)

A

It is necessary that sign language interpreters become experts in communicating the mundane. Learning how to ask, say and tell simple things in both of their
working languages is essential; like asking for a phone number and address, giving
directions or describing a person, building or location well enough for it to be
recognized. Mastery of such things may seem ridiculous but these foundational
skills pave the way for interpreting about sensitive and complex matters.

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7
Q

Genuine meaning(8)

A

The interpretation must embody all of the nonverbal cues, such as the facial expression
or tone of voice that conveys the genuine meaning behind the signs and words. As
an interpreter, you cannot understand what another person really means unless
you can correctly identify the attitude, thoughts and emotions behind each word or
sign.

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8
Q

Intended meaning(8)

A

In addition to learning and using each language accurately,
interpreters must be able to recognize and apply the interactional norms or signals
of those involved as they strive to correctly identify the intended meaning within
each utterance. The formation of each expression may contain an embedded
hesitation or a forthright delivery, whether it is overt or implied it is a manifestation
of one’s feelings.

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9
Q

People of the Eye(8)

A

Turn taking is based on visual signals, regardless of the number of people present.
Since dDeaf culture demands fa irly sustained eye contact when communicating, the
person who has been commenting will likely break eye contact, which is a
pronounced signal that they are finished with their comment.

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10
Q

People of Sound(8)

A

Turn taking is often based on sound, or sometimes lack of sound.

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11
Q

Turn Taking(8)

A

Turn-taking rules and expectations are dictated by one’s culture. Those norms
govern how and when turns are to be taken, they include verbal or nonverbal
indicators which function as the transitional rules of communication signaling when
to take turns. The rules are often influenced by location, participants, status, as well
as the various roles held by the participants.

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12
Q

ASL Modality(9)

A

As a visual and spatial language, that is time-oriented, based on
visual perception and the physical conveyance of ideas, information and feeling concepts. ASL uses the arms, wrists, hands, face,
eyes, head and the torso of the signer to physically produce messages, which
are articulated in the space in front of the signer (approximately from shoulder
to shoulder width during one-on-one interactions), and is easily perceived
visually by the individuals to whom the message is being sent

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13
Q

Bilingualism(9)

A

Maftoon, & Shakibafar, (2011) define bilingualism as “the native-like
control of two languages” (p. 80). Haugen (1953) goes further and explains that
bilingualism is the “ability to produce ‘complete meaningful utterances in the other
language”’ (cited in Mackey, 2000, p. 22).

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14
Q

C-language(9)

A

refers to one who has “picked up” some phrases and
simple utterances in a language other than their first or second language.

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15
Q

Consecutive Interpretation(9)

A

defined as “the process of interpreting after the
speaker or signer has completed one or more ideas in the source language and
pauses while the interpreter transmits that information” into the target
language

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16
Q

Dynamic Equivalence(9)

A

“maintaining the speaker’s intended impact on the
audience; when accomplished in an interpretation, the speaker’s goals and level
of audience involvement is the same for both the audience who received the
message in its original form and the audience who received the message
through an interpreter” (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2007).

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17
Q

Interpretation(9)

A

The result of taking a SL message, identifying the meaning of
the affective layer, words or signs used, as well as the signer’s/speaker’s intent
by analyzing the linguistic and paralinguistic elements of the message, then
presenting a cultural and linguistic equivalent of the original text produced in
the intended TL.

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18
Q

Linguistic Fluency(9)

A

These terms refer to an individual’s strongest language and
include: native language, first language, mother tongue, L1 or A-language. This
is the language in which one is most fluent.

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19
Q

Miscue(9)

A

“a lack of equivalence between the source language (SL) message and
its interpretation or, more specifically, between the information in an
interpretation and the information in the SL message it is supposed to
convey” (Cokely, 1992, p 74).

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20
Q

Modality(9)

A

The physical aspects required to produce each language; often
referred to as the method or channel through which a message is expressed,
specifically English is auditory/oral while American Sign Language is visual/
spatial.

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21
Q

Paralinguistics(9)

A

The auditory, visual or physical elements associated with signed
or spoken messages, which convey additional information above and beyond
the words spoken.

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22
Q

Prelinguistic Formulation(9)

A

When two or more individuals engage in an
extemporaneous (non-scripted) spoken or signed interactions, the ideas are
formulated from the initial impressions. The initial impressions of the
participants help shape the preliminary ideas of the interpretation.

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23
Q

Processing Time(9)

A

The time used by an interpreter to complete an analysis of the
source language (SL) utterance and to search for cultural and linguistic
equivalents before producing an equivalent message in the target language
(TL).

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24
Q

Prosodic Features(9)

A

Prosody is the combination of features in any language that
produces the rhythm, accent, and “feel” of the language. In ASL, prosody is a
visual spatial image, created by several features. These features include head
and body movements, eyebrow movement, mouth movement, speed of
signing, sign formation, pacing, and pausing

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25
Q

Second language, L2 or B-language(9)

A

These terms refer to acquisition of a
second language, typically acquired by living in another country for several
years or by having an immersive experience with a language other than your
mother tongue.

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26
Q

Sight Translation(9)

A

Usually renders a written document into
signed language but at times, an interpreter might be asked to write in English a
signed text. Sight translation is typically done “on the spot” with little-to-no
advanced notice or preparation.

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27
Q

Sign-To-Voice(9)

A

Interpreting signed messages from the source language into a
spoken target language.

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28
Q

Simultaneous Interpretation(9)

A

the process of interpreting into the
target language at the same time as the source language is being
delivered

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29
Q

Stakeholders(9)

A

include any “individual or group that has an interest in any
decision or activity of an organization”

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30
Q

Translation(9)

A

This is generally done over time and typically with a team directing
the development of a translation of a frozen text (written or video) into another
language. This is currently an emerging field for dDeaf individuals (e.g.
videotaped translations of textbooks, plays and poems)

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31
Q

Transliteration(9)

A

The result of taking a SL message, identifying the meaning, goal
and intent of the speaker by analyzing the linguistic and paralinguistic elements
of the message, and expressing that message in a different mode of the same
language (e.g. PSE or Signed English to spoken English).

32
Q

Voice-To-Sign(9)

A

Interpreting from a spoken source language into a signed target
language.

33
Q

dDeaf Plus(10)

A

Individuals who are dDeaf and have other disabilities or another
disability.

34
Q

lntervenors(10)

A

Are trained to work with dDB people, guiding them as they move
around indoors or out. They are trained in tactile sign language, tadoma and
palm printing in order to meet the communication needs of various dDB
individuals.

35
Q

Tadoma(10)

A

Is a method of communicating with the blind and deaf whereby their
hands are placed on the lips of the speaker.

36
Q

Distantism(10)

A

Is used to explain the high value sighted and hearing people place on being able to perceive events and communication that are distant.

37
Q

Deaf and physically challenged(10)

A

Individuals in this group often rely on crutches, a cane, a walker or sometimes a
wheelchair to navigate through physical settings. They often move more slowly and
require more physical space when entering and exiting a building or office, as well
as setting up in the area where communication will be taking place.

38
Q

Dual- Sensory Loss(10)

A

Refers to people who are DeafBind and are categorized as
having a “dual sensory loss,” but the degree of loss in vision and hearing varies
widely, as do the causes of this conduction.

39
Q

Acquired DeafBlindness(10)

A

People who are born Deaf or hard of hearing and later
experience deteriorating sight. People who are born vision impaired or blind
and go on to experience hearing loss at a later stage.

40
Q

Congenitally DeafBlind(10)

A

A term used when people are born DeafBlind or when
their combined hearing and vision impairment occurs before spoken, signed or
other visual forms of language and communication have developed.

41
Q

DeafBlind(10)

A

People with extremely limited sight and hearing are considered DeafBlind (DB); the
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissions (NARUC) estimates that
70,000-100,000 people living in the United States are DeafBlind. While most DeafBlind people have some useful but not always reliable vision and hearing, some people have little or no usable hearing and vision.

42
Q

Deaf and intellectually delayed/challenged(10)

A

Intel lectual disability (ID) now replaces the term “mental retardation” used in
previous editions of the DSM-5. “Intellectual disability involves problems with
general mental abilities that affect functioning in two areas: intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning.

43
Q

Ethics(12)

A

Ethical behavior
encompasses the way we treat one another, how we behave (publicly and
privately), and what we do with what we know.

44
Q

Morality(12)

A

As the principles of right and wrong as defined by culture or society;
when codified, they are most often called laws or ordinances.

45
Q

Role-Space(12)

A

This reflects on the multi-dimensional nature of an interpreter’s role,
stating that interpreters are acting with integrity and making informed
decisions appropriate for the domain goals and characteristics of the
interlocutors

46
Q

Teleological(12)

A

an approach to ethical reasoning that is focused on the
outcomes or consequences of one’s decisions

47
Q

Deontological(12)

A

is concerned with adherence to pre-ordained rules

48
Q

Video Relay Services {VRS}(13)

A

Phone interpreter; a few companies are Sorenson Communication and
Convo.

49
Q

The World Association of Sign Language Interpreters (WASLI) (13)

A

An international organization that represents signed language interpreters

50
Q

The World Federation of Deaf (WFD) (13)

A

has been instrumental in bringing
interpreters together and holds conferences every four years.

51
Q

European Forum of Sign Language Interpreters (efsli) (13)

A

holds yearly conferences
throughout Europe and these are attended not only by those members living in
Europe but by interpreters from other countries as well.

52
Q

Memo of Understanding (MOU) (13)

A

WASLI and WFD signed a Memo of
Understanding in 2007, and this cooperation agreement was then updated in
2017. Those agreements spell out the clear mandates for both organizations.

53
Q

United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(UNCRPD) (13)

A

addresses Deaf people’s rights to participate in all aspects of society,
including education, justice, government, and culture; sign language is
addressed in several of the articles.

54
Q

The International Association of Conference Interpreters (Al IC) (13)

A

is a
professional association of conference interpreters and functions as a
professional association and as a trade union.

55
Q

Critical Link(13)

A

organization hosts international conferences for community
interpreters and other stakeholders in the delivery of community/public service
interpreting.

56
Q

Red T(13)

A

protects the lives and interests of linguists, interpreters, translators and
journalists that work in conflict zones

57
Q

International Sign (IS) (13)

A

WASLI requires interpreters to have more than two
spoken languages and/or two signed languages.

58
Q

International Federation of Translators (FIT) (13)

A

is a federation of national
associations of spoken language interpreters, translators, and terminologists,
rather than individual members

59
Q

Metropolitan or Suburban(11)

A

If you will be working in a metropolitan setting, you con generally expect greater competition for the available assignments and an increase in demand for interpreting services. Of course, the cost of living will be higher in a large city than in rural areas.

60
Q

Rural(11)

A

In addition, there is less demand for interpreters in rural settings and as a result, job availability and demand for interpreters is less and the pay scale may be lower. At the same time, the cost of living is typically lower in rural areas compared to the large city.

61
Q

Full time vs. Part time(11)

A

The challenge of finding full-time work depends on a number of factors, one of which is the population of dDeaf people in the area where you will be working. dDeaf individuals often choose to live in the city where they attended a Provincial or State school for the
dDeaf following high school or after completing college. The same is true in areas
near well known post secondary programs geared for dDeaf adults. As a result,
these cities are usually flush with interpreting jobs.

62
Q

VRI/VRS companies(11)

A

May have work available for you, depending on the strength
of your skills upon graduation. This work most likely will start with only a few
supervised hours each week, but could have the potential of expanding into full or
regular part-time employment.

63
Q

Interpreting agencies(11)

A

It is rare for a recent graduate from interpreter education programs to be offered interpreting jobs with an agency, because of the type of jobs agencies typically fill. Unless the agency has a “ready to work program,” which will hire recent graduates (most often with exceptional skills} to mentor as they prepare for certification. Agencies typically call on interpreters who have some “miles under their belts.”

64
Q

Self employed interpreters(11)

A

do not have the benefits of paid vacation or sick leave. However they are able to deduct most of their business expenses from their total income, often significantly reducing the amount of state/provincial or federal taxes paid.

65
Q

Ongoing education and professional growth opportunities(11)

A

You want to seek out interpreting colleagues as quickly as possible in the area
where you expect to be living while still a student, as well as after graduation. ASL
interpreters tend to be very supportive of new interpreters, willing to show you the
ropes, give you tips about where you might find work, etc. The most important
connection to make is finding and joining the local, regional and state/provincial
interpreting organization. You should consider doing volunteer work to support the
organization as another way of connecting with colleagues. This is key to getting
additional training, workshops, and meeting your colleagues in the field.

66
Q

Interpreting in Educational settings(11)

A

Educational interpreting includes elementary, secondary, and post-secondary
environments. Post-secondary settings can be further divided into adult education
or upgrading courses, vocational training, and academic settings from college
through university graduate-level courses. The probability of full time employment is greater in educational settings. In this setting, you are likely to find a job
that offers stability, with a regular schedule, benefits such as medical and dental
insurance and flexible pay with time off on holidays and summer vacation.

67
Q

Repetitive Strain Injury(RSI) (11)

A

There has been a frightening surge in the rate of repetitive strain injury or repetitive
motion injuries (also known as overuse syndrome) among sign language
interpreters as work opportunities have increased over the years. RSI tends to
result in carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, tennis elbow and/or brachia!
neuralgia, all of which can lead to total disability.

68
Q

Emotional Burnout(11)

A

Working with people day in and day out is stressful. Interpreting requires working
with people, many of whom do not understand your work or the languages or
cultures involved. In addition, interpreting often takes us into situations which
involve emotional extremes, going from the exhilaration of the birth of a baby, to a
diagnosis with a fatal disease, or the agony of interpreting as someone is being fired
from a job. We go into settings that are stressful in themselves: prisons, lock-up
psychiatric wards and intensive care units, among others.

69
Q

Attend(12)

A

Go to as many workshops, trainings, and learning opportunities as you
can afford, may your face be recognized by every presenter and professional

70
Q

Network(12)

A

Don’t simply attend, mingle, chat, introduce yourself, it is best not to
hang in a comfortable cluster with your classmates - get known.

71
Q

Join(12)

A

Become a member - join your local and national interpreting organization,
if your state does not have a local affiliate, join the dDeaf organizations. It is
what we do.

72
Q

Mentor(12)

A

Find a mentor for your language or your interpreting or both. Offer to
buy them lunch, you are a student after all. Finding a mentor while you are a
student is courageous and shows your commitment.

73
Q

Presentation of Slf(12)

A

This phrase is used to identify those linguistic and non-linguistic behaviors in
which the interpreter speaks for and acts on their own behalf; for example, an
interpreter introducing themself or answers questions directed at them, even when
not related to the interpretation per se. Another way of stating this is that they
behave like everyone else in the room and by doing so do not call undue
attention to themselves. Typical interactions interpreter’s encounter while at
an interpreting assignment could include being invited to get coffee or
snacks when not interpreting.

74
Q

Interaction Management(12)

A

Interpreters are often put in a position of managing or encouraging the progress
of an interpreted interaction, such as asking an attendee to repeat something
they said because the interpreter was unable to hear the statement or
perhaps the interpreter is uncertain if they understood t he comment made or
question posed. Such a request would be made because failing to do so might
change the outcome of the interaction, if omitted or not accurately interpreted.

75
Q

Participant Alignment(12)

A

If an interpreter behaves in a stoic or disconnected manner while interpreting
human interactions, there is a possibility that the participant(s) who can hear will
feel uncomfortable due to an atypical reaction.

DEAF 383 Flashcards (1 decks)

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