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IN GAME SA ARAL-ARALAN > DE > Flashcards

DE Flashcards

1
Q

What is formation pore pressure?

A

Formation pore pressure is the pressure exerted by the formation fluids on the walls of the rock pores.

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2
Q

What is the objective of the chapter on Formation Pore Pressure and Fracture Resistance?

A

To familiarize students with the concept of formation pore pressure and methods of estimating formation fluid pressure, as well as to teach the leak-off test for determining maximum wellbore pressure.

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3
Q

True or False: Safety in drilling dictates that wellbore pressure should be maintained between naturally occurring formation fluid pressure and the maximum wellbore pressure the formation can withstand without fracture.

A

True

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: In shallow deltaic sediments, the normal subsurface fluid pressure distribution is shown in Fig. 6.1 with a pressure of __.

A

0.052P, D

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5
Q

What is formation pore pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the formation fluids on the walls of the rock pores.

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6
Q

True or False: Normal formation pore pressure is when the formation pore pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of a full column of formation water.

A

True

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The average hydrostatic pressure gradient is usually taken as __ psi/ft in the Gulf of Mexico.

A

0.465

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8
Q

How is abnormal formation pore pressure defined?

A

Abnormal formation pore pressure exists in regions where there is no direct fluid flow to adjacent regions, with pressures usually ranging between 0.8 and 1 psi/ft.

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9
Q

What are pressures above the normal range called?

A

Overpressure

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10
Q

What are pressures below normal pore pressure ranges called?

A

Subnormal pore pressure

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11
Q

Why are the terms ‘overpressure’ and ‘abnormal pressure’ used interchangeably?

A

Underpressures uncommonly occur in sedimentary formations.

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12
Q

What is the term for pressures caused by depletion from oil and gas production?

A

Underpressure

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated pore pressures pose a severe risk during drilling when __ are present.

A

hydrocarbons

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14
Q

True or False: Overpressure is common in sedimentary formations.

A

False

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15
Q

How is the absolute hydrostatic pressure calculated in liquid columns?

A

0.052MW xD + Po

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16
Q

What type of pore pressure exists in regions where boundaries prevent fluid flow to adjacent areas?

A

Abnormal formation pore pressure

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17
Q

When are pressures considered overpressure?

A

When pressures are above the normal pore pressure range

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18
Q

What is the primary cause of abnormal pore pressure in areas dominated by deltaic deposition and shale lithology?

A

Rapid sedimentation rates exceeding compaction equilibrium

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19
Q

When does abnormal pore pressure generation due to undercompaction cease to be significant?

A

Upon reaching lithification and sealing of pore spaces

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20
Q

What process most aggressively increases pore fluid volume during organic matter conversion?

A

Methane generation from kerogen

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21
Q

When does abnormal pore pressure generation due to hydrocarbon conversion cease to be significant?

A

Once the bulk of kerogen has been converted

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21
Q

What is the primary cause of overpressure in geologically young rocks?

A

Compaction disequilibrium or undercompaction

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21
Q

When does hydrocarbon generation become a significant mechanism for generating overpressure?

A

At depths corresponding to higher vitrinite reflectance values

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22
Q

What is an indicator that overpressure was generated by compaction disequilibrium?

A

Higher-than-expected porosities at a given depth that deviate from the normal porosity trend

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23
Q

What mechanism causes overpressure by generating mobile fluids that increase pore volume?

A

Hydrocarbon generation

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24
Q

What is the pressure exerted by formation fluids on the walls of rock pores?

A

Formation pore pressure

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25
Q

When does formation pore pressure equal the hydrostatic pressure of a full column of formation water?

A

Normal formation pore pressure

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26
Q

What is the minimum pressure required to initiate a fracture in the borehole wall?

A

The least of the principal stresses within the rock structure

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27
Q

What is the purpose of a leak-off test?

A

To estimate formation strength and fracture gradient

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28
Q

When does formation breakdown occur?

A

When the borehole pressure exceeds the least principal stress

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29
Q

What is the Hubbert and Willis method used for?

A

Calculating fracture pressure based on empirical analysis

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30
Q

What is the maximum allowable pressure on the formation below the shoe?

A

An equivalent mud gradient

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31
Q

When is the maximum allowable annular surface pressure calculated?

A

Prior to running casing

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32
Q

What is used to compute the maximum mud weight for the next section?

A

The maximum allowable pressure below the shoe

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33
Q

What is added to the hydrostatic pressure to obtain the equivalent circulating density?

A

The annular frictional pressure loss

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34
Q

What is the purpose of conducting a Formation Integrity Test (FIT)?

A

To determine the maximum pressure exposure of the open hole section during subsequent drilling operations

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35
Q

When does the pressure no longer increase linearly during a Leak-Off Test?

A

When formations start to fracture

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36
Q

What is plotted during an Extended Leak-Off Test (XLOT)?

A

The volume of mud pumped and the corresponding pressure at each increment in volume

37
Q

What does the slope of the straight line region obtained from an XLOT provide?

A

The compressibility of the drilling fluid

38
Q

What is the primary purpose of conducting a leak off test?

A

To determine the maximum pressure the open hole can withstand before fluid begins leaking into the formation

39
Q

When does the leak off test terminate?

A

When the pressure no longer increases linearly with each increment of pumped volume

40
Q

What is observed during a leak off test to identify the leak off pressure?

A

The pressure variance with each increment of pumped volume

41
Q

What is the primary difference between a leak off test and a formation integrity test?

A

A formation integrity test is terminated at the first indication of pressure deviation while a leak off test continues until past that point

42
Q

What is the minimum pressure required to initiate a fracture in the borehole wall?

A

The least of the principal stresses within the rock structure

43
Q

What is the purpose of a leak-off test?

A

To estimate formation strength and fracture gradient

44
Q

When does formation breakdown occur?

A

When the borehole pressure exceeds the least principal stress

45
Q

What is the Hubbert and Willis method used for?

A

Calculating fracture pressure based on empirical analysis

46
Q

What is the maximum allowable mudweight for the 12 1/4” hole section?

A

13.45 ppg

47
Q

When does mud density directly impact casing design?

A

When the mudweight approaches the collapse pressure of the formation

48
Q

What is the purpose of a mudweight window?

A

To ensure mudweight does not exceed fracture or collapse strengths of the formation

49
Q

When does mud compressibility need to be considered?

A

During pressure transient events like pump startups or shut downs

50
Q

What component transmits rotational motion from the rotary table to the drillstring?

A

Kelly bushing

51
Q

What is the primary function of the Kelly?

A

To transmit rotary motion from the rotary table to the drillstring

52
Q

When is the kelly screwed into a new section of drillpipe?

A

When adding a new section while tripping in

53
Q

When does the Kelly saver sub come into play?

A

When rotating the drillstring to drill new hole sections

54
Q

What device grips the drillstring while it is suspended in the rotary table?

A

Slips

55
Q

What is the primary role of the swivel?

A

To suspend the weight of the drillstring during operations

56
Q

What is the procedure step where the kelly is stabbed into a new section of drillpipe?

A

Stabbing the kelly

57
Q

What is the primary function of the kelly bushing?

A

To transmit rotary motion from the rig to the Kelly

58
Q

What is the primary means of detection used for monitoring flow in a wellbore?

A

Target-type flowmeter

59
Q

When do mudloggers inspect rock cuttings?

A

At regular intervals from the shale shaker

60
Q

What is the purpose of the log created from mudlogger calculations and cuttings descriptions?

A

To correlate the well with others in the vicinity

61
Q

When do mudloggers monitor gas levels in the mud?

A

Using gas chromatography

62
Q

What device removes gas from drilling mud returning to the surface during kick circulation?

A

Mud gas separator

63
Q

What parameter indicates the rate at which drilling fluid is pumped down the drill string?

A

Pump rate

64
Q

What is the primary function of a choke manifold during a well kick?

A

Provide flow paths to safely direct and control circulating fluids

65
Q

When does the driller need to be most attentive to changing drilling parameters?

A

When tripping pipe in or out of the hole

66
Q

What is the primary function of a rotary table system?

A

To enable rotation of the drill string during drilling operations

67
Q

What is the key advantage of a top drive system compared to a conventional rotary table system?

A

It enables the use of longer stands of drill pipe rather than single joints

68
Q

When does the top drive enable circulation of the drill string without a kelly?

A

When tripping out of the hole to remove cuttings

69
Q

What is the formation pressure?

A

The pressure at which a fluid or gas exists in the pores of a permeable rock

70
Q

What is the makeup operation?

A

The process of joining stands of drill pipe

71
Q

When does primary well control fail?

A

When mud hydrostatic pressure is less than formation pore pressure

72
Q

What is the purpose of a blowout preventer?

A

To close in the well at surface and contain any unexpected influxes of formation fluids

73
Q

What is the kick detection method involving scheduled pit monitoring?

A

Pit drills

74
Q

What is the primary function of an annular blowout preventer?

A

To seal off the annulus between the drillstring and casing

75
Q

What is the purpose of a drilling spool?

A

To provide connections for the choke and kill lines used during a kick

76
Q

When does the drilling crew usually regain control of a kick using the blowout preventer?

A

After closing the annular blowout preventer and increasing the mud weight

77
Q

What is the primary purpose of a blind ram?

A

To seal off an open hole in the event of a kick

78
Q

What is the main component responsible for rotating the drill string in a rotary drilling rig?

A

Rotary table

79
Q

Fill in the blank: The __ is a device that allows the drill string to rotate freely while supporting the weight of the drill string.

A

Swivel

80
Q

True or False: The Kelly is a high-pressure pipe that allows drilling mud to circulate through the drill string and back up the annulus.

A

True

81
Q

Which component of the drilling rig is responsible for controlling the pressure in the wellbore?

A

Blowout Preventer

82
Q

What is the purpose of the Shale Shakers in a drilling rig?

A

To separate drilling cuttings from the drilling fluid

83
Q

What is the purpose of a swivel in a drilling rig?

A

To allow drillstring rotation and circulation of high-pressure drilling fluids.

84
Q

Fill in the blank: The rotary system includes the rotary table, Kelly, and the swivel.

A

Kelly

85
Q

True or False: Modern drilling rigs commonly use the top drive system for rotating the drillstring.

A

True

86
Q

What are the components of the Rotary Table System?

A

Kelly, Kelly Bushing, Swivel, Rotary Table, Kelly Saver Sub, fuel tanks, power-generating plant, reserve pit, swivel, casing, drill pipe, cement, drill bit, drill-pipe rack, mud pits, drill pipes, slips, mud pumps, accumulator unit, tongs.

87
Q

What is a Rotary Table?

A

Revolving or spinning section of the drillfloor that provides power to turn the drillstring in a clockwise direction.

88
Q

How is rotary motion transmitted in a drilling rig?

A

Rotary motion and power are transmitted through the kelly bushing and the kelly to the drillstring.

89
Q

Fill in the blank: The Kelly transmits rotary motion from the rotary table or kelly bushing to the drillstring, while allowing the drillstring to be lowered or raised during rotation.

A

Kelly

90
Q

True or False: The Kelly Saver Sub serves as a sacrificial element between the drillstring and TopDrive or Kelly, reducing unwanted repair and maintenance costs.

A

True

91
Q

Which device is used to grip the drillstring and suspend it in the rotary table when making or breaking a connection?

A

Slips

92
Q
A

IN GAME SA ARAL-ARALAN (1 decks)

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