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1
Q

What is formation pore pressure?

A

Formation pore pressure is the pressure exerted by the formation fluids on the walls of the rock pores.

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2
Q

What is the objective of the chapter on Formation Pore Pressure and Fracture Resistance?

A

To familiarize students with the concept of formation pore pressure and methods of estimating formation fluid pressure, as well as to teach the leak-off test for determining maximum wellbore pressure.

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3
Q

True or False: Safety in drilling dictates that wellbore pressure should be maintained between naturally occurring formation fluid pressure and the maximum wellbore pressure the formation can withstand without fracture.

A

True

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: In shallow deltaic sediments, the normal subsurface fluid pressure distribution is shown in Fig. 6.1 with a pressure of __.

A

0.052P, D

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5
Q

What is formation pore pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the formation fluids on the walls of the rock pores.

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6
Q

True or False: Normal formation pore pressure is when the formation pore pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of a full column of formation water.

A

True

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The average hydrostatic pressure gradient is usually taken as __ psi/ft in the Gulf of Mexico.

A

0.465

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8
Q

How is abnormal formation pore pressure defined?

A

Abnormal formation pore pressure exists in regions where there is no direct fluid flow to adjacent regions, with pressures usually ranging between 0.8 and 1 psi/ft.

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9
Q

What are pressures above the normal range called?

A

Overpressure

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10
Q

What are pressures below normal pore pressure ranges called?

A

Subnormal pore pressure

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11
Q

Why are the terms ‘overpressure’ and ‘abnormal pressure’ used interchangeably?

A

Underpressures uncommonly occur in sedimentary formations.

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12
Q

What is the term for pressures caused by depletion from oil and gas production?

A

Underpressure

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated pore pressures pose a severe risk during drilling when __ are present.

A

hydrocarbons

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14
Q

True or False: Overpressure is common in sedimentary formations.

A

False

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15
Q

How is the absolute hydrostatic pressure calculated in liquid columns?

A

0.052MW xD + Po

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16
Q

What type of pore pressure exists in regions where boundaries prevent fluid flow to adjacent areas?

A

Abnormal formation pore pressure

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17
Q

When are pressures considered overpressure?

A

When pressures are above the normal pore pressure range

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18
Q

What is the primary cause of abnormal pore pressure in areas dominated by deltaic deposition and shale lithology?

A

Rapid sedimentation rates exceeding compaction equilibrium

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19
Q

When does abnormal pore pressure generation due to undercompaction cease to be significant?

A

Upon reaching lithification and sealing of pore spaces

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20
Q

What process most aggressively increases pore fluid volume during organic matter conversion?

A

Methane generation from kerogen

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21
Q

When does abnormal pore pressure generation due to hydrocarbon conversion cease to be significant?

A

Once the bulk of kerogen has been converted

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21
Q

What is the primary cause of overpressure in geologically young rocks?

A

Compaction disequilibrium or undercompaction

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21
Q

When does hydrocarbon generation become a significant mechanism for generating overpressure?

A

At depths corresponding to higher vitrinite reflectance values

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22
Q

What is an indicator that overpressure was generated by compaction disequilibrium?

A

Higher-than-expected porosities at a given depth that deviate from the normal porosity trend

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23
What mechanism causes overpressure by generating mobile fluids that increase pore volume?
Hydrocarbon generation
24
What is the pressure exerted by formation fluids on the walls of rock pores?
Formation pore pressure
25
When does formation pore pressure equal the hydrostatic pressure of a full column of formation water?
Normal formation pore pressure
26
What is the minimum pressure required to initiate a fracture in the borehole wall?
The least of the principal stresses within the rock structure
27
What is the purpose of a leak-off test?
To estimate formation strength and fracture gradient
28
When does formation breakdown occur?
When the borehole pressure exceeds the least principal stress
29
What is the Hubbert and Willis method used for?
Calculating fracture pressure based on empirical analysis
30
What is the maximum allowable pressure on the formation below the shoe?
An equivalent mud gradient
31
When is the maximum allowable annular surface pressure calculated?
Prior to running casing
32
What is used to compute the maximum mud weight for the next section?
The maximum allowable pressure below the shoe
33
What is added to the hydrostatic pressure to obtain the equivalent circulating density?
The annular frictional pressure loss
34
What is the purpose of conducting a Formation Integrity Test (FIT)?
To determine the maximum pressure exposure of the open hole section during subsequent drilling operations
35
When does the pressure no longer increase linearly during a Leak-Off Test?
When formations start to fracture
36
What is plotted during an Extended Leak-Off Test (XLOT)?
The volume of mud pumped and the corresponding pressure at each increment in volume
37
What does the slope of the straight line region obtained from an XLOT provide?
The compressibility of the drilling fluid
38
What is the primary purpose of conducting a leak off test?
To determine the maximum pressure the open hole can withstand before fluid begins leaking into the formation
39
When does the leak off test terminate?
When the pressure no longer increases linearly with each increment of pumped volume
40
What is observed during a leak off test to identify the leak off pressure?
The pressure variance with each increment of pumped volume
41
What is the primary difference between a leak off test and a formation integrity test?
A formation integrity test is terminated at the first indication of pressure deviation while a leak off test continues until past that point
42
What is the minimum pressure required to initiate a fracture in the borehole wall?
The least of the principal stresses within the rock structure
43
What is the purpose of a leak-off test?
To estimate formation strength and fracture gradient
44
When does formation breakdown occur?
When the borehole pressure exceeds the least principal stress
45
What is the Hubbert and Willis method used for?
Calculating fracture pressure based on empirical analysis
46
What is the maximum allowable mudweight for the 12 1/4" hole section?
13.45 ppg
47
When does mud density directly impact casing design?
When the mudweight approaches the collapse pressure of the formation
48
What is the purpose of a mudweight window?
To ensure mudweight does not exceed fracture or collapse strengths of the formation
49
When does mud compressibility need to be considered?
During pressure transient events like pump startups or shut downs
50
What component transmits rotational motion from the rotary table to the drillstring?
Kelly bushing
51
What is the primary function of the Kelly?
To transmit rotary motion from the rotary table to the drillstring
52
When is the kelly screwed into a new section of drillpipe?
When adding a new section while tripping in
53
When does the Kelly saver sub come into play?
When rotating the drillstring to drill new hole sections
54
What device grips the drillstring while it is suspended in the rotary table?
Slips
55
What is the primary role of the swivel?
To suspend the weight of the drillstring during operations
56
What is the procedure step where the kelly is stabbed into a new section of drillpipe?
Stabbing the kelly
57
What is the primary function of the kelly bushing?
To transmit rotary motion from the rig to the Kelly
58
What is the primary means of detection used for monitoring flow in a wellbore?
Target-type flowmeter
59
When do mudloggers inspect rock cuttings?
At regular intervals from the shale shaker
60
What is the purpose of the log created from mudlogger calculations and cuttings descriptions?
To correlate the well with others in the vicinity
61
When do mudloggers monitor gas levels in the mud?
Using gas chromatography
62
What device removes gas from drilling mud returning to the surface during kick circulation?
Mud gas separator
63
What parameter indicates the rate at which drilling fluid is pumped down the drill string?
Pump rate
64
What is the primary function of a choke manifold during a well kick?
Provide flow paths to safely direct and control circulating fluids
65
When does the driller need to be most attentive to changing drilling parameters?
When tripping pipe in or out of the hole
66
What is the primary function of a rotary table system?
To enable rotation of the drill string during drilling operations
67
What is the key advantage of a top drive system compared to a conventional rotary table system?
It enables the use of longer stands of drill pipe rather than single joints
68
When does the top drive enable circulation of the drill string without a kelly?
When tripping out of the hole to remove cuttings
69
What is the formation pressure?
The pressure at which a fluid or gas exists in the pores of a permeable rock
70
What is the makeup operation?
The process of joining stands of drill pipe
71
When does primary well control fail?
When mud hydrostatic pressure is less than formation pore pressure
72
What is the purpose of a blowout preventer?
To close in the well at surface and contain any unexpected influxes of formation fluids
73
What is the kick detection method involving scheduled pit monitoring?
Pit drills
74
What is the primary function of an annular blowout preventer?
To seal off the annulus between the drillstring and casing
75
What is the purpose of a drilling spool?
To provide connections for the choke and kill lines used during a kick
76
When does the drilling crew usually regain control of a kick using the blowout preventer?
After closing the annular blowout preventer and increasing the mud weight
77
What is the primary purpose of a blind ram?
To seal off an open hole in the event of a kick
78
What is the main component responsible for rotating the drill string in a rotary drilling rig?
Rotary table
79
Fill in the blank: The __ is a device that allows the drill string to rotate freely while supporting the weight of the drill string.
Swivel
80
True or False: The Kelly is a high-pressure pipe that allows drilling mud to circulate through the drill string and back up the annulus.
True
81
Which component of the drilling rig is responsible for controlling the pressure in the wellbore?
Blowout Preventer
82
What is the purpose of the Shale Shakers in a drilling rig?
To separate drilling cuttings from the drilling fluid
83
What is the purpose of a swivel in a drilling rig?
To allow drillstring rotation and circulation of high-pressure drilling fluids.
84
Fill in the blank: The rotary system includes the rotary table, Kelly, and the swivel.
Kelly
85
True or False: Modern drilling rigs commonly use the top drive system for rotating the drillstring.
True
86
What are the components of the Rotary Table System?
Kelly, Kelly Bushing, Swivel, Rotary Table, Kelly Saver Sub, fuel tanks, power-generating plant, reserve pit, swivel, casing, drill pipe, cement, drill bit, drill-pipe rack, mud pits, drill pipes, slips, mud pumps, accumulator unit, tongs.
87
What is a Rotary Table?
Revolving or spinning section of the drillfloor that provides power to turn the drillstring in a clockwise direction.
88
How is rotary motion transmitted in a drilling rig?
Rotary motion and power are transmitted through the kelly bushing and the kelly to the drillstring.
89
Fill in the blank: The Kelly transmits rotary motion from the rotary table or kelly bushing to the drillstring, while allowing the drillstring to be lowered or raised during rotation.
Kelly
90
True or False: The Kelly Saver Sub serves as a sacrificial element between the drillstring and TopDrive or Kelly, reducing unwanted repair and maintenance costs.
True
91
Which device is used to grip the drillstring and suspend it in the rotary table when making or breaking a connection?
Slips
92

IN GAME SA ARAL-ARALAN (1 decks)

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