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DDT SA > DDT.1 > Flashcards

DDT.1 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT iS Meant BY ‘Disease’?

A

‘Any disturbance of the structure or function of the body’
‘A structural and functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism’

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2
Q

Is every change a disease?

A

No…
Some changes are normal: body cells, tissues and organs adjust to minor
fluctuations in their environment and maintain homeostatsis or balance.

Certain times major changes occur naturally; pregnancy and puberty

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3
Q

Pathology

A

study of disease

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4
Q

Pathologist vs Clinician

A

Pathologist: physician who specializes in diagnosing and classifying diseases by studying the morphology of cells and tissues

Clinician: physician/health care professional that cares for patients

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5
Q

Symptoms vs Signs

A

Symptoms: subjective manifestations such as pain or weakness

Signs: physical findings or objective manifestations such as swelling or redness

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6
Q

Symptomatic vs Asymptomatic disease

A

Symptomatic disease: with symptoms and/or signs

Asymptomatic disease: no signs or symptoms

Distinction between asymptomatic and symptomatic depends on extent. Early stages of disease, usually asymptomatic. If not treated, progresses to symptomatic.

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7
Q

Etiology

A

cause of disease

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8
Q

Etiologic agent

A

Agent responsible for causing disease.

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9
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Process of development of disease.

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10
Q

Pathogen

A

Any microorganism that causes disease.

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11
Q

Chronic vs Acute Disease

A

A chronic condition develops and worsens over an extended period of time, as in atherosclerosis.

An acute condition symptoms appear and change or worsen rapidly, as in a heart attack.

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12
Q

What are the 5 main ways to classify a disease?

A
  1. Congenital and hereditary diseases
  2. Inflammatory diseases
  3. Degenerative diseases
  4. Metabolic diseases
  5. Neoplastic diseases
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13
Q
  1. Congenital and hereditary diseases
A

“Developmental disturbances”

Causes: genetic abnormalities; abnormalities in chromosome number or distribution; intrauterine injury; interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
–> Hemophilia (hereditary),
–> German measles (congenital)

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14
Q
  1. Inflammatory diseases
A

Body reacts to injury through an inflammatory process
- Bacteria or microbiologic agents: sore throat
- Allergic reaction: hay fever
- Autoimmune diseases: SLE, diabetes type 1
- Unknown etiology

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15
Q
  1. Degenerative diseases
A

Tissue or organ degeneration as a result of aging or breakdown.
–> Osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis

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16
Q
  1. Metabolic diseases
A

“Disturbance in metabolic process in body”

–> Hyper- or hypothyroidism, fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

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17
Q
  1. Neoplastic diseases
A

“Uncontrolled cell growth”
Benign: lipoma
Malignant: Lung cancer

Basis of classification
1. Similarity of lesions
2. Similarity of pathogenesis

18
Q

Diagnosis

A

Determination of nature and cause of illness.

  • Clinical history
  • Physical examination
  • Differential diagnosis
19
Q

Prognosis

A

Eventual outcome of disease.

20
Q

Specific treatment vs Symptomatic treatment

A

Specific treatment – directed at underlying cause.

Symptomatic treatment – alleviates symptoms but does not influence course of disease.

21
Q

Clinical History

A
  1. History of current illness:
    Severity, time of onset, and character of patient’s symptoms.
  2. Medical history:
    Details of general health and previous illnesses that may shed light on current problems.
  3. Family history:
    Health of patient’s parents and family members; diseases that run in families.
  4. Social history:
    Patient’s occupation, habits, alcohol and tobacco consumption, general health, current problems.
  5. Review of symptoms:
    Symptoms other than disclosed in history of present illness, suggesting other parts of the body affected by disease.
22
Q

Physical Exam

A

Systematic examination of patient, with emphasis on parts of body affected by illness.
- Abnormalities noted correlated with clinical history.

23
Q

Differential diagnosis

A

Consideration of various diseases or conditions that may also explain patient’s symptoms and signs.

Diagnostic possibilities narrowed by selected laboratory tests or other diagnostic procedures.

Opinion of medical consultant may be sought.

24
Q

What are Diagnostic Tests?

A

Screening tests for detection of disease - Detect early asymptomatic diseases amenable to treatment to prevent or minimize late-stage organ damage.

25
Q

Diagnostic tests-Clinical laboratory tests.

A

Purpose: To determine concentration of substances in blood or urine frequently altered by disease.
Uses:
- Determine concentration or activity of enzymes in the blood.
- Evaluate function of organs
Monitor response of certain cancers to treatment.
- Detect disease-producing organisms in urine, blood, faeces.
- Determine response to antibiotics.

26
Q

Diagnostic tests-Screening for genetic diseases.

A

To screen for carriers of some genetic diseases transmitted from parent to child as either dominant or recessive trait. Identifying carriers allows affected persons to make decisions on future childbearing or management of current pregnancy.

Example: recessive gene for sickle cell anemia in 8% of Black population.

27
Q

Diagnostic tests-Tests of electrical activity

A

To measure electrical impulses associated with bodily functions and activities.

  • ECG: measures serial changes in electrical activity of the heart in various phases of the cardiac cycle.
28
Q

Diagnostic tests-Radioisotope (radionucleotide) studies

A

Evaluate organ function by determining rate of uptake and excretion of substances labeled with a radioisotope.
Uses:
- Anemia: radioisotope-labeled vitamin B12.
- Hyperthyroidism: radioactive iodine.

29
Q

Diagnostic tests-Endoscopy

A
  • To examine interior of body using rigid or flexible tubular instruments equipped with lens and light source.
  • To perform surgery formerly done through large abdominal incisions.
    Bronchoscope: trachea and major bronchi.
    Cystoscope: bladder
    Laparoscope: abdomen
30
Q

Diagnostic tests-Ultrasound

A

Mapping echoes produced by high-frequency sound waves transmitted into body; echoes reflect change in tissue density, producing images.

31
Q

Diagnostic tests-X-ray

A

Principle: use of high-energy radiation waves at lower doses to produce images to help diagnose disease. Can penetrate through tissues at varying degrees depending on tissue density. Acts on a photographic film or plate (roentgenogram) as the rays leave the body.
–> Radiopaque: appears white on film; high-density tissues such as bone absorb most of the rays.
–> Radiolucent: appears dark on film; low-density tissues allow rays to pass through.

32
Q

Diagnostic tests-Computed tomographic (CT) scans

A

Principle: radiation detectors record amount of X-rays or ionizing radiation absorbed by body and feed data into a computer that reconstructs the data into an image.

Radiopaque and radiolucent tissues appear white and dark as in a conventional x-ray.
Individual organs sharply demarcated by planes of fat that appear dark because of its low density.

Delivers higher dose of ionizing radiation than x-ray!!

Uses:
- Cancer screening asymptomatic individuals.
- Detect abnormalities in internal organs that cannot otherwise be identified by standard x-ray.

33
Q

Diagnostic tests-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Principle: computer-constructed images of body based on response of hydrogen protons in water molecules when placed in a strong magnetic field
Protons align in the direction of the magnetic field
- Protons are temporarily dislodged and wobble when radiofrequency waves are directed at them.
- Protons emit a measurable signal (resonance) that can be used to construct images.
- Intensity of resonance depends on water content of tissues, strength and duration of radiofrequency pulse.

34
Q

Advantages of MRI > CT scan

A
  • Does not use ionizing radiation.
  • Can detect abnormalities in tissues surrounded by bone, such as spinal cord, orbit, skull. (Bone interferes with scanning because of its density but does not produce an image in MRI because of its low water content).
    Uses:
    Multiple sclerosis
    Superior to mammography in detecting breast cancer
35
Q

Diagnostic tests-Cytologic and Histologic examinations

A
  • Papanicolau (Pap) smear: identifies abnormal cells in fluids or secretions; for recognizing early changes that may be associated with cervical and other cancers.
  • Biopsy: tissue samples obtained for histologic examination to determine abnormal structural and cellular patterns accompanying disease.
    –> Liver, kidney, bone marrow
36
Q

Therapeutics-Medical definition

A

‘the branch that deals specifically with the treatment of disease and the art and science of healing’

37
Q

Therapeutics-Pharmaceutical definition

A

‘therapeutics accordingly refers to the use of drugs and the method of their administration in the treatment of disease’

38
Q

Pharmaceutical therapy

A

Many types including:
- Pain relief
- Adjustment of enzyme levels
- Replacement of natural protein
- Control of hormone levels

39
Q

Chemotherapy

A

“Eliminates cells that divide frequently.”
Cancer cells + rapidly dividing normal cells found in the:
Mouth, skin, hair, bone marrow, digestive tract, kidneys, bladder
Lungs, nervous system, reproductive system.

Normal cells recover quickly, side effects disappear gradually.

How soon the patient will feel better depends on overall health, types of anticancer drugs used.
E.g. Cisplatin, 5 fluorouracil

40
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Replacing a faulty gene with a working one.

41
Q

Good websites for information on disease.

A

CDC & WHO

DDT SA (5 decks)

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