DDOL

Question 1

Couples are more equal

Answer 1

• Willmott & Young
  -Sullivan
  -British Social Attitudes
  -Future Foundation

Question 2

Willmott & Young

Answer 2

-more equal
-MOP view-family life gradually improving
-trend towards joint conjugal roles- away from segregated conjugal roles
-family becoming more symmetrical
-study of families in 1950-segregated conjugal roles, mean = breadwinners, spent leisure time with work mates. women=caregivers, house work + childcare, spent leisure time with female family members.
-1973- joint con jugal roles- men + women both breadwinners, both have role in domestic care, leisure time spent together

Question 3

Sullivan (2000)

Answer 3

• more equal
  -study over 25 year period
  -trend towards equality-men do more domestic labour
  -increase in number of couples with equal DOL
  -men participating in more “women’s tasks”
  -further evidence of MOP, trend towards symmetrical family.

Question 4

British Social Attitudes Survey (2013)

Answer 4

-more symmetrical, changes in attitudes
-fall in number of people who think it’s man’s job to earn money and women’s to look after home.
-increase in numbers of men who do laundry and care for sick family members from 1994-2012
-men + women doing the same jobs-split/share housework-more symmetrical

Question 5

Future Foundations

Answer 5

-more equal, generational shift
-shift towards symmetrical family in todays society.

Question 6

Couples are not more equal

Answer 6

-Oakley
-0Dex and Ward
-Hochschild
-Southerton
-Parsons

Question 7

Oakley: feminist view of housework

Answer 7

-not more equal
-feminist-soc is male dominated-root of unequal DOL
-criticises MOP view
-W&Y-husbands “help” wives at least once a week, take kids for walk/make breakfast-occasion
-15% men -high level of participation in house work, 25%-childcare.
-fathers role=”taking an interest”-take them off hands-pleasurable aspects of childcare
-women lost pleasurable time with kids, spent spare time doing housework.
-not 50/50-pick +choose when to do domestic work.

Question 8

Dex & Ward (2007) - childcare

Answer 8

-not more equal
-almost always mother who is responsible for a child’s security and well being
fathers have high levels of involve with their 3-year-olds, when it came to caring for sick, only 15 fathers took responsibility.
- evidence showing family is not equal

Question 9

Hochschild (2013)

Answer 9

-family is not equal
-women are required to perform emotion work - managing feelings of others and themselves
-child emotional work, fathers frustration, role to make everyone happy
-Duncombe + Marsden - triple shift - paid work, housework + emotional work
-men do not take part in these things.

Question 10

Southerton (2011)

Answer 10

-flexible working pattern in modern society
-de-routinised - quality time=difficult for women- emergence of 24/7 security.
-men - uninterrupted leisure time
women-leisure time is punctuated with childcare, more likely to multi-task-childcare while working from home
-women-carrying dual burden-face increased volume of activities to manage
-increased since COVID
-man doesn’t have to worry about these issues

Question 11

GDOL-cultural explanations

Answer 11

-Gershuny- socialisation
-British Attitudes Survey-shift in social attitudes
-Dunne - equality in society/sexuality
-

Question 12

Gershuny - Socialisation

Answer 12

-cultural explanation
-couples with parents who had more equal relationships-likely to share housework m ore equally.
-parent role models are important
-social values - gradually adapting-women working full-time, new norm for men to do housework.
-gradual shift = lagged adaptation.

Question 13

British Attitudes Survey - shift in social attitudes

Answer 13

-less than 10% of under 35s - agreed with trad division of labour, 30% of over 65s
-suggests cultural MOP
-changes in gender role socialisation
-younger ages in favour of more equal relationships
-gender roles becoming more symmetrical

Question 14

Dunne - equality in society/sexuality

Answer 14

-cultural explanation
- lesbian couples are more symmetrical
-deeply engrained “gender scripts” - dictate cultural expectations of men and women-don’t influence them to maintain inequality.
-heterosexuals- under pressure to conform to scripts-performing diff kinds of domestic tasks-conform to gender identities
-lesbian couples-crate more equal relationships-not linked to particular gender roles.
-same sex relations ships=increasing, more equal relationships.

Question 15

Material explanations for GDOL

Answer 15

-Man Ye Kan - CPOW
Arber & Gin- high standard of living
-Silver & Schor - new technology

Question 16

Man Ye Kan - CPOW

Answer 16

Material explanation
-for every £10k a year more a woman earns, she does 2 hours less housework per week
-more they earn, less housework they do

Question 17

Arber & Gin - high standard of living

Answer 17

• material explanation
  -greater equality depends on social class of women
  -mc women - able to afford full day day care full time work + time saving devices- new technology, dishwasher, air fryer
  -wc women cannot afford this - stuck in cycle of childcare responsibilities + low paid, part time work.

Question 18

Silver & Schor - new technology

Answer 18

• material explanation
  -house work has become “commercialised”
  -freezers, microwaves, ready meals - reduce amount of domestic labour
  -decreases the burden of housework