DDDM Flashcards by Keyera North

Two type of statistics (Analytics)

Descriptive and Inferential

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Descriptive statistics are used to

Inform / exploratory

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Inferential statistics are used to

Predict / Trend

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4 levels of measurement

NOIR: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

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Continuous data with unique 0 point

Ratio

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Orders data at equal distances apart

Interval

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Place qualitative objects in some kind of order

Ordinal

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Identify, Group, or Categorize

Nominal

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Outliers this type of error

Out-of-range

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Unpredictable error

Random Error - No correlation

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Error may occur from missing data (i.e. - space not filled in)

Omission Error - Distorted results

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This error repeats itself

Systematic error - skewed results

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What is the purpose of quality control?

Reduce / minimize errors

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All variables measurements and manipulations are under the researcher’s control

Experimental study

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Used when impractical or impossible to control the conditions of the study

Observational study

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Participants are not told if they are in the treatment group or control group

Blind study

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The procedure the researchers applied to each other

Treatments

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Neither the treatment allocator nor the participants know who is in the treatment group or control group

Double blind study

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Questions favor an outcome or the interviewer ask questions that favor an outcome

Information Bias

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The average outcome (payoff) when the future includes scenarios that may or may hot happen

Expected Monetary Value (EMV) Analysis

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Observation points that are distant from other observations

Outliers

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Bias that occurs from not selecting a random sample

Measurement bias

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Bias introduced because respondents believe it will be beneficial selected

Conscious bias

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Each of the four quartile groups a population can be divided

Quartiles

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Measures the difference between the third and first quartile

IQR: Inter-quartile range

Used to study the composition of data set and examine the distribution

Box plot

The order you pick your sample in does not matter

Combination Picking

When given P(A) given P(B), you can use this to find the P(B) given P(A)

Bayes Theorem

Apply this rule when looking for two events occurring (AND)

Multiplication

Use this rule when looking for one or the other event happening (OR)

Addition

A simple regression using time as the independent variable

Time series

A general slope upward or downward over a period of time

Trend

Unforeseen circumstances causing random devastations

Irregularity

Repetition in up and down patterns

Cyclicality

Regular pattern within a single year

Seasonality

Represents the probability that a variable falls with a certain range

Cumulative distribution

A list of all the different possibilities of each outcome that can occur

Probability distribution

Measures of central tendency are approximately equal (Mean and Median)

Normal Distribution

Use to compare the mean of 3 or more groups

ANOVA

ANOVA uses this test statistic

F-value (must be higher than critical value to reject the null)

A correlation is weak if the coefficient is close to what?

Zero

A correlation is strong if the coefficient is close to what?

1 or -1

Illustrates limits or constraints a process should not exceed

Control chart

Illustrates performance measurements over a period of time

Run chart

Assist in brainstorming issues that are causing the problem

Cause and effect diagrams

Visual tool to understand a process

Flowchart

Tool used to collect data to create other charts

Check sheet

Graphical display of data set with one bar for each category

Histogram and Pareto

Graphical display of data set centered

Histogram

Graphical display of data set in order from highest to lowest

Pareto

Used for potential relationships and correlations between variables

Scatter diagram

Can the tools be used independently?

Yes

What percentage of problems does Ishikawaw claim the seven tools can solve?

90 - 95%

A diagram demonstrating all the elements that can be influence a process before it starts

SIPOC (Supplier, Input, Process, Output, Customer)

Manufacturing approach to improving processes

Six sigma

In manufacturing, statistics is used for what?

Quality control

Which step is a response of analytical result in the Plan-Do-Study-Act process?

Act

Shows whether a result meets the a requirement or not

Attribute

Shows how well a result meets the requirement

Variable

Variations accepted as the normal part of the process

Common cause variations

Variations from an abnormality causing large discrepancies in results

Special cause variation

Model of designing, analyzing, and scoring test

IRT: Item Response Theory

How does the government differ than private sector cost-benefit analysis?

Government benefits aren’t always money. Could be flood prevention or community welfare programs.

Compares one individual’s performance to another individuals

Norm referenced

Compares an individual’s performance to a standard score (Example: Cut score of 64%)

Criterion referenced

A management strategy that uses results as a central measurement of performance

RBM: Results Based Management

What big data

Very large data sets

Used to count all of the existing cases of a disease

Prevalence

Used to count only the new cases of a disease

Incident (incident rate)

Used to analyze if funding is worth the outcome of a project

Cost-benefit analysis

Performance measure for one specific goal

KPI (Key Performance Indicator)

Multiple KPIs are displayed for the big picture

KPI dashboard - More than one chart is needed

What does the balanced scorecard measure?

CLIF (Custom, Learning, Internal processes, Financial management) Are we meeting the strategy?

The balanced score card requires time and effort to establish a meaningful scorecard. Is this an advantage or disadvantage?

Disadvantage

The balanced score card improves internal and external communication. Is this an advantage or disadvantage?

Advantage

When using a balanced scorecard is is difficult to maintain momentum. Advantage or disadvantage?

Disadvantage

Using a balanced scorecard improves organizational alignment. Advantage or disadvantage?

Advantage

A balanced scorecard links strategy to organizational results. Advantage or disadvantage?

Advantage

KPI: Data driven results make it easier to quantify performance. Advantage or disadvantage?

Advantage

KPIs are difficult to change once established. Advantage or disadvantage?

Disadvantage