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MA-SLP BootCamp Exam > Day 4 AM > Flashcards

Day 4 AM Flashcards

1
Q

5 originally proposed layers of the vocal folds (Hirano)

A

Epithelium
Superficial Layer of the Lamina Propria –
Intermediate Layer of the Lamina Propria –
Deep Layer of the Lamina Propria
Thyrovocalis muscle

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2
Q

Like in other parts of the body, the epithelium is a (thin, thick) covering (100−180μm) of the vocal folds,
protecting them from their intrinsic and extrinsic environment

A

thin

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3
Q

Epithelium is composed of? Shape?

A

stratified squamous cells which are flat or plate-‐‐like in shape

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4
Q

Define: superficial layer of the lamina propria

A

The main vibrating proportion of the vocal folds

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5
Q

Superficial layer of lamina propria also referred to as

A

Reinke’s space

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6
Q

The ________ and ________ are often referred to as the C_______

A

epithelium, SLOLP, cover

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7
Q

Intermediate layer of the lamina propria: composition? Movement?

A

Composed mainly of elastic fibers which run parallel to the vibrating edge of the vocal fold, allowing this layer to only stretch in an antero-‐‐ posterior direction

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8
Q

Deep layer of the lamina propria: compositon?

A

Composed mainly of collagenous fibers which run parallel to the vibrating edge of the vocal fold

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9
Q

Define: thyrovocalis muscle

A

The most medial portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle, makes up the bulk of the vocal fold structure

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10
Q

Define: extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

“filler” substance that exists between cells in an organism

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11
Q

Role of extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

The ECM plays an important role in cell function (particularly in protection against damage, and in recovery)

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12
Q

In the vocal folds, the ________ is rich in ECM within (all, some) layers of the superficial, intermediate and deep layers

A

lamina propria, all

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13
Q

Hyaluronic acid (HA)- define, function?

A

A chief component in the ECM, it helps cells proliferate and migrate while playing an important role in absorption and tissue viscosity

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14
Q

Amount of HA seems to be (variable, consistent) between individuals. Why?

A

Variable, genetic factors

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15
Q

The (abundant, scarce) amount of HA observed in the (female, male) vocal folds is thought to be (related, unrelated) to _______. Why?

A

abundant, female, related, impact absorption. Acting as a protective factor against the characteristic high vibration frequency of the female vocal folds

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16
Q

3 primary functions of the larynx?

A

airway protection, speech, breathing

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17
Q

3 ways structures of the larynx are used in speech production to modify the airflow from the respiratory system.

A
  1. Voicing: Adducting the vocal folds together so that they vibrate during the production of vowels and voiced consonants
  2. Voiceless: Abducting the vocal folds during the production of voiceless consonants.
  3. Intonation: Changing vocal fold vibration rate changes the perceived pitch of the speaker’s voice (higher rate = higher pitch)
    – Ex: Statement vs. a question: “Gracie did not go to school.” (falling intonation)
    “Gracie did not go to school?” (rising intonation)
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18
Q

3 structures of the interior laryngeal system that move

A

Vocal folds, epiglottis, ventricular folds

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19
Q

4 muscles that adduct the vocal folds

A

interarytenoid muscles, transverse interarytenoid muscle, oblique interarytenoid muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)

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20
Q

Interarytenoid muscles: function?

A

Brings the arytenoids together, causing them to slide toward the midline
• Squeezes the vocal process of the arytenoids

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21
Q

transverse interarytenoid muscle: function?

A

Primarily responsible for medial compression
of vocal folds
– Used to vary intensity of vocal fold vibrations

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22
Q

Oblique interarytenoid muscle: function?

A

Superficial to transverse arytenoid muscle

• Connects muscular process of one arytenoid to apex of opposite arytenoid

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23
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle: function?

A

Pulls the muscular process of the arytenoids forward and medially
• Arytenoid moves in rocking motion, inward and downward

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24
Q

Abduction vs. adduction

A

Abduction = pull away/apart, adduction = come together

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25
Q

1 muscle that abducts the vocal folds

A

PCA- posterior cricoarytenoid

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26
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid- function?

A

Pulls the muscular process of the arytenoids posteriorly, rocking the arytenoids back to their axis

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27
Q

PCA muscle is antagonist to the ____ muscle

A

LCA

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28
Q

PCA is also active during (rest/exercise) to permit _______

A

exercise, movement of a greater

volume of air

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29
Q

PCA is synergistically connected to the ______.

A

Diaphragm

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30
Q

1 muscle that stretches the vocal folds

A

Cricothyroid

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31
Q

Cricothyroid: function?

A

Rocks the thyroid cartilage towards cricoid cartilage

– Elongates the vocal folds and places them under increased tension

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32
Q

Cricothyroid is the ONLY muscle in the larynx whose primary function is _______?

A

lengthening the vocal folds

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33
Q

Cricothyroid: more stretched = (more/less) tense

A

more

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34
Q

Thyrooarytenoid muscle- tensing function?

A

Isometric contractions of both TV and TM portions will tense

medial and lateral aspects, respectively

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35
Q

Thyroarytenoid has (isometric. isotonic) contractions?

A

isometric

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36
Q

Thyroarytenoidmuscle- shortening (decreasing length) function

A

Contraction of longitudinally
oriented fibers
• Pulls anterior (thyroid) and posterior (arytenoid) portions closer together.
• Tilts the thyroid backward to relax the vocal folds and at the same time pulls
the muscular process forward to assist in medial compression

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37
Q

5 laryngeal position considerations

A 
• UP and BACK 
UP and FORWARD
DOWN • Decrease distance
between hyoid and thyroid
•Stabilize
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38
Q

What do laryngeal movements lead to?

A

Control variables- controlled sound production

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39
Q

Laryngeal opposing pressure (LOP)- 3 considerations

A 
muscular pressure (Adductors), 
surface tension (tendency of viscous liquid to stay cohesive/together in as little area as possible)
gravity
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40
Q

LOP

A

A measure of the opposition provided by the larynx to translaryngeal pressure (the air pressure difference between the trachea and the pharynx) when the larynx is closed air tight.

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41
Q

LAR

A

An airflow dependent property of the airway that indicates the opposition to flow provided by the larynx; it’s a matter of the cross-sectional area and length of the airway.

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42
Q

Relationship between LOP And LAR

A

LOP –> LAR

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43
Q

LAR is (dependent on, independent of) effective and sufficient ____ AND ______.

A

LOP, expiratory airflow

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44
Q

Main construction site of LOP

A

vocal folds

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45
Q

Stiffness = _______.

A

rigidity

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46
Q

Stiffness is the opposite of ________

A

compliance

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47
Q

Stiffness of VF’s varies by

A

location on the fold

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48
Q

How do we increase stiffness?

A

Can also manipulate stiffness actively by elongating/stretching them and/or tensing the muscular process of the thyroarytenoid muscle

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49
Q

Increased stiffness means vibration occurs at a (lower, higher) frequency

A

higher

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50
Q

What is the effect of mass on rate of vocal fold vibration?

A

More mass = lower pitch = lower vibrating frequency. Less mass = higher pitch = higher vibrating frequency

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51
Q

Reinke’s edema: define and effect on VF mass?

A

swelling of the vocal folds due to fluid collected within Reinke’s space. Increases VF mass.

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52
Q

Transgender voice considerations/treatment

A

Treatment more behavioral and hormonal, start hormone treatment early (before puberty), consistent behavioral treatments to change habitual pitch, a LOT of variability

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53
Q

4 primary functions of the larynx?

A
  • Respiration: “coupling” between pharynx and trachea
  • Airway protection
  • Thoracic fixation (“containment” of pulmonary air supply)
  • Sound generation
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54
Q

Transient sound; define, examples

A

unvoiced stop sounds, /p,t,k/

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55
Q

Phases of transient sound

A

pressurization phase –> release phase

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56
Q

3 processes of transient sounds

A

Glottal configuration change (add-‐abd) – burst of transient airflow that vibrates
supralaryngeal structures

Glottal configuration change (add-‐abd)

LOP –> LAR: subglottal pressure

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57
Q

Speech/voice is observed in ______ waves

A

quasiperiodic

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58
Q

Sustained utterances (noise): define and example

A

turbulent flow that is noisy and inconsistent; /h/

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59
Q

Sustained utterances (noise) result from ______.

A

turbulent airflow

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60
Q

Glottal configuration adjustment leads to _______

A

turbulent airflow

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61
Q

Sustained utterances (voice): define and example

A

quasi-periodic sound; all voiced sounds

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62
Q

3 theories of quasi-periodic sound

A

Sustained airflow (VF opening/closing
Glottal configuration: adduction (posturing)
LOP –> LAR : subglottal pressure

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63
Q

3 theories of phonation

A

Myoelastic-‐‐Aerodynamic theory (Van den Berg, 1958) • Hirano’s body-‐‐cover theory • Titze’s self-‐‐oscillation theory

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64
Q

Myo-elastic aerodynamic theory (MEAT): definition

A

explains vocal fold vibration “Myo” & “elastic” = properties of the muscle and tissues

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65
Q

3 Aerodynamic aspects of MEAT - opening and closing

A

– Opening -‐‐ Positive pressure (PTP)
– Closing -‐‐ Bernoulli effect and elasticity
– PTP

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66
Q

Bernoulli effect: definition, example, (constriction of air through a tube causes (faster, slower) airflow around the obstruction

A

At a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow.
• Constriction of air through a tube causes faster airflow around the obstruction.
• Examples include a curve ball in baseball

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67
Q

the vocal folds (do, do not) open and close during phonation because there (is, is not) a separate muscle contraction for each opening/closing movement

A

do not, is

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68
Q

he vocal folds open and close (manually, automatically)

A

automatically

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69
Q

2 requirements for VF’s to open and close automatically

A

the folds are in the appropriate positions, and there is sufficient buildup of pressure below them

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70
Q

Hirano cover-body theory

A

The contrasting masses and
physical properties of the vocal fold cover and the body causes them to move at different rates as air passes
between the vocal folds.

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71
Q

2 models of the Hirano cover-body theory

A

one mass model, 3 mass model; largest most prominent mass = thyroarytenoid muscle, cover= 2 smaller masses between CA muscle and VF’s

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72
Q

Self-oscillating theory

A

Pressure and flow provided by pulmonary air at

3 sites helps maintain vocal fold vibration

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73
Q

Vocal fold closure is _____ in form, and is both ____ and ___ in direction.

A

wave-like, horizontal and vertical

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74
Q

3 phases of vocal fold closure manipulated by subglottal pressue

A

opening, closing, closed

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75
Q

More specific process: 4 phases of vocal fold closure

A

Open posterior -‐‐> open anterior -‐‐> close anterior -‐‐> close posterior

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76
Q

3 implications of VF parameters

A

• Vertical and horizontal components to VF vibration
• Mass of the vocal folds themselves
– Length – Thickness
• Role of tension

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77
Q

How do changes in VF parameters affect vocal pitch, loudness, and quality?

A

Damage or changes to properties decrease habitual
pitch
Higher F0 perceived as higher pitch
Quality- shape of rest of resonating cavities of upper airway (pharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity)

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78
Q

Define fundamental frequency (F0), correlate of?

A

Pitch- Reflects the vibratory rate of the vocal folds. How many vibrations (open and close) during
one sec.

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79
Q

Define intensity, correlate of?

A

“loudness” – Power from respiratory system, shape of glottis, shape of vocal tract, lip opening

80
Q

3 qualities of voice that can be regulated

A

F0, intensity, quality

81
Q

Vocal fold abduction = (periodic/aperiodic) sound

A

aperiodic (noisy)

82
Q

Vocal fold adduction = (periodic/aperiodic) sound

A

periodic (normal vibration)

83
Q

Period sound- 3 characteristics

A

intense, clear, involve resonance

84
Q

Vibrating vocal folds affect the _________ of the resulting sound wave

A

F0

85
Q

The higher the rate of vibration, the (lower, higher) the f0 of the sound, which we perceive as a (lower, higher) pitch

A

higher, higher

86
Q

Vocal fold vibration creates _____ waveforms

A

cyclical

87
Q

Rate is defined as

A

cycles/second (Hertz)

88
Q

Extremely slow vocal fold vibration is about ____ vibrations per second and produces a (low, high) pitch.

A

60, low

89
Q

Extremely fast vocal fold vibration approaches _____ vibrations per second and produces a very (low, high) pitch. Only attained by what vocal register?

A

2,000, high, soprano

90
Q

Men vs. women vibration rate range and mean in Hz

A

Men: mean = 115, 90-500
Women: mean = 200, 150-1,000

91
Q

4 factors that affect vocal fold rate change

A

VF tension, VF mass (thickness), VF length, volume of airflow

92
Q

Increased VF tension = (increased/decreased) elasticity and (increased/decreased) vibrations

A

decreased, increased

93
Q

Increased VF mass (thickness) = (increased/decreased) vibration

A

decreased

94
Q

Increased VF length - (increased/decreased) vibrations

A

decreased

95
Q

Male versus female: compare/contrast VF length and rate of vibration

A

Male VF’s are longer and vibrate less, Women’s VF’s are shorter and vibrate more

96
Q

Changing the volume of airflow results in _____

A

increase in subglottal pressure

97
Q

Define: sound pressure level

A

measure of the physical magnitude/intensity

98
Q

Perceptual correlate of intensity

A

loudness

99
Q

Intensity is highly dependent on ____, standard distance from microphone?

A

measurement method, 30 cm

100
Q

3 required adjustments for intensity changes

A

– Respiratory system (power): tracheal pressure and airflow
– Larynx (pattern; glottal configuration): LOP and LAR
– Pharyngeal-‐‐oral structures (resonance): Velar height, mandibular position, tongue position

101
Q

Define: vocal fold registers

A

Reflect different modes of vocal fold vibration
• Lead to differences in vocal quality
– We refer to these different qualities as vocal registers

102
Q

3 vocal fold registers and their frequency rangesfor males and females

A

Falsetto (loft, head): M 300-‐‐700; F 450 – 1100 Modal: M 80 – 450; F 130 – 525 Fry (pulse): M 8 – 80; F 8 – 80

103
Q

Define: glottal fry

A

Lowest F0, VF’s close quickly, long closed phase of the cycle.

104
Q

5 other characteristics of glottal fry

A

– Free margins of VF’s appear flaccid, but are tightly closed (high LOP)
– “Bubbles of air” escape, give voice “popcorn” quality. – Least flexible
– Low airflow – **Frequency

105
Q

Define: modal

A

Widest range of F0

106
Q

3 other characteristics of modal

A

– Normal speaking voice
– As VF relative length increases, pitch increases.
• Example: 100Hz – 300Hz: 11mm – 17mm
– What happens to thickness as length increases?
• 7mm – 4mm (F); 9mm – 6mm (M)

107
Q

Define: falsetto

A

Highest F0

108
Q

4 other characteristics of falsetto

A 
– Important role of tension
– Role of length?
• 200Hz – 700Hz:  15mm – 13mm
– Role of thickness?
• 5.5mm – 4.75mm (F); 7.1mm – 6.5mm (M)
– Often VFs do not close completely
109
Q

2 aspects of vocal quality in registers

A

pressed (louder modal phonation) and breathy

110
Q

Define: pressed

A

VF’s are strongly medially compressed

111
Q

Define: breathy

A

Significant gap left between the vocal folds as they vibrate, resulting in excessive airflow

112
Q

3 considerations about loudness control

A
  • Wide range of intensity: 60dB range
  • Directly related to resistance
  • Resistance = pressure LOP/ flow (expiratory)
113
Q

5 considerations about resistance during loudness control

A

Timing of VF closure
More subglottal pressure
LOP Dominates at lower F0’s
Expiratory airflow dominates at higher F0’s
Sustained and transient loudness changes

114
Q

2 types of parameters of vocal quality

A

objective, subjective

115
Q

3 objective parameters of vocal quality

A

acoustic parameters, open quotient, speed quotient

116
Q

5 acoustic parameters of objective vocal quality

A

– F0 – Intensity – Jitter – Shimmer – Spectrum

117
Q

Define: jitter

A

cycle to cycle variation in frequency/pitch

118
Q

Define: shimmer

A

cycle to cycle variation in intensity/loudness (amplitude)

119
Q

6 subjective parameters of vocal quality

A
  • Hoarse
  • Rough • Strained
  • Strangled • Breathy • Male versus Female
120
Q

In newborns, the length of the vocal folds is ______ mm with continual linear growth as a function of _____

A

2.5 -3, age

121
Q

The cartilaginous glottis accounts for ___ to _____% of the vocal folds’ length in children below ___ years of age

A

60-75. 2

122
Q

The reason for the larger posterior glottis in infants and young children is that

A

it aids the feeding and breathing process

123
Q

The layered structure of the vocal folds (is, is not) differentiated in newborns and young children; the ______ is very
uniform in structure (____layers by ~12 years; ___ in adulthood)

A

is not, lamina propria, 2, 3

124
Q

In (children, adults), there is clear differentiation between the superficial, intermediate, and deep layers of the ______

A

adults, lamina propria

125
Q

There (is/is no) ligamentous structure in newborns

A

is no

126
Q

Location of larynx (located adjacent to which vertebrae) throughout development

A 
• Location: larynx begins high in
neck (cricoid opposite 2/3rd vertebrae)
• Descends to ~4th vertebrae by 1 year
• To 5th vertebrae by 3 years • 6th vertebrae by 5 years
• 7th between 10-‐‐20 years
127
Q

The _______ in pediatric patients is the (narrowest, widest) part and (most, least) pliable of the airway in
comparison to the adult airway, with the full-‐‐term diameter of the ________ (same as above) cited as 4 mm

A

subglottal space, widest, least

128
Q

The adult vocal fold length is approximately ___ to ____ in adult males and ____ to ____ in adult females

A

17-21 mm, 11-15 mm

129
Q

The (pediatric/adult) larynx maintains a (lower,higher) laryngeal position between the 1st and 3rd cervical level in comparison to an (child, adult) laryngeal position

A

pediatric, higher, adult

130
Q

The epiglottis is _____ shaped, in approximately ____% of the (adult, pediatric) population and is (soft and pliable

A

omega, 50, pediatric

131
Q

The whole laryngeal framework in children is much (softer/harder) than in adults

A

softer

132
Q

Implications of laryngeal framework being much softer (in children).

A

– Less susceptible to blunt trauma

– More susceptible to collapse due to negative inspiratory pressures developed during breathing

133
Q 
The presence of the \_\_\_\_\_\_ prominence does not occur until substantial changes happen in vocal
fold \_\_\_\_\_\_ (approximately between the ages of 10 and 14 years)
A

thyroid, length

134
Q

The _________ does not assume its adult configuration until adolescence

A

thyroid cartilage

135
Q

The _______ are proportionately (larger, smaller) versus adult configuration

A

arytenoids, larger

136
Q

4 most important differences in male versus female laryngeal anatomy

A

– A larger thyroid lamina
– A more acute thyroid angle, giving prominence to the thyroid notch or “Adam’s apple”
– Thicker vocal folds – Larger glottal space

137
Q

Aging and skeletal, muscular systems, vocal folds

A

• Aging causes general changes to the entire body including the skeletal and muscular systems
• The muscle systems can experience
structural change and fatigue that reduce the contractile force capability of the muscle
– More evidence suggests marked vocal fold atrophy and vocal fold edema

138
Q

What aging effects happen to the larynx over time?

A

Vocal fold bowing
Prominence of the vocal process
Glottic proportion
Phase and amplitude symmetry of the mucosal wave Tremor of the laryngeal structures

139
Q

Define: presbylaryngis

A

the term used to refer to the changes associated with the aging larynx (atrophy, bowing, etc.)

140
Q

A network of ______ located in the _____ of the brainstem control respiration.

A

neurons, medulla

141
Q

Signals from the _______ travel via ________ to reach the muscles of the _______.
– Book example: For inspiration, signals are sent through spinal neurons to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve

A

brainstem, peripheral spinal nerves, chest wall

142
Q

There is a rhythmic pattern of ______ for breathing that can occur automatically (with, without)
voluntary input from the _____

A

neuronal firing, without, cortex

143
Q

Define: central pattern generator for respiration

A

There is a rhythmic pattern of neuronal firing for breathing that can occur automatically without
voluntary input from the cortex.

144
Q

Overall goal of central pattern generator

A

regulate gas levels (oxygen and CO2)

145
Q

________ and ________ send (efferent,afferent) information primarily by CN-____ —> adjust ________

A

Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, afferent, CN-X, ventilatory parameters

146
Q

Another way to modulate breathing?

A

Awareness- depth or frequency will change- often when we become aware of our breathing it is because it is unpleasant

147
Q

5 higher brain centers

A

– Emotion – Awareness – Crying – Breath holding

– SPEECH

148
Q

3 ventilatory parameter considerations

A

terminology, measures, putting it together

149
Q

Lungs and thorax typically operate as a unit via a _______

A

pleural linkage (contact unit)

150
Q

Resting position in the contact unit is (different/the same) when the two (lungs and thorax) are separated

A

different

151
Q

When separated at rest, what happens to the lungs and thorax?

A 
lungs = collapsed 
thorax = more distended/expanded  state
152
Q

When the pleural linkage is at rest, what happens to the lungs and thorax?

A 
lungs = somewhat expanded 
thorax = somewhat compressed
153
Q

In adjustment of the lung-thorax unit, there is also constant interplay between what 2 other structures?

A

chest/rib cage, abdominal wall

154
Q

Define: volume, unit of measurement

A

The size of a space; here it is the “size” of air within the lungs; Liters

155
Q

Define: capacity

A

A combination of volumes that share a functional purpose

156
Q

Define: resting lung volume

A

the amount of air in the lungs at rest position

157
Q

Define: tidal volume (TV)

A

volume of air for one cycle of quiet breathing – M 600mL, F 450mL

158
Q

Define: inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

volume that can be inhaled after tidal inspiration -‐‐ 2500mL

159
Q

Define: expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Volume that can be exhaled after tidal expiration. AKA – resting lung volume, 1000mL

160
Q

Define: residual volume (RV)

A

volume of air remaining after maximum expiration, 1100mL

161
Q

Define: dead air space

A

anatomical and physiological 150mL (amount that remains in lungs even after maximal exhalation)

162
Q

Vital capacity formula

A

IRV + ERV + TV (4-5 L)

163
Q

Functional Residual Capacity formula

A

ERV + RV (2L)

164
Q

Total Lung Capacity formula

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV (5-7 L)

165
Q

Inspiratory Capacity formula

A

TV + IRV (3L)

166
Q

Pressure: definition, units of measurement

A

Pressure = force distributed over an area (Force/area)

Measurement – mm Hg & cm H2O

167
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Atmospheric = 760 mm Hg/ 0 cm H2O

168
Q

Boyle’s Law- definition, formula

A

inverse relationship between volume and pressure.

P = 1/V

169
Q

Define: tidal breathing

A

passive or quiet breathing

170
Q

Physiological function of tidal breathing

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange to maintain homeostasis

171
Q

Air moves from regions of (higher, lower) pressure to regions of (higher, lower) pressure

A

higher, lower

172
Q

Define: quiet inspiration

A

inspiratory muscles
(mainly, the diaphragm, secondarily, the external intercostals) expand the thoracic cavity upon
contraction

173
Q

During tidal breathing, ________ is increased), _________ is

decreased (less than the atmospheric pressure)

A

lung volume, interthoracic air pressure

174
Q

Air flows into or out of the lungs until _______?

A

air pressure within the lungs is equal to atmospheric pressure

175
Q

Define: quiet expiration

A

begins when gravity and elastic forces act upon the ribcage, decrease lung volume, increase intrathoracic pressure
(more than the atmospheric pressure)

176
Q

Define: forced inspiration

A

accessory inspiratory muscles are recruited to help the diaphragm and the external intercostals increase the lung volume

177
Q

During forced inspiration, _______ is increased,________ is decreased (Much less than the atmospheric pressure)

A

lung volume, interthoracic air pressure

178
Q

Define: forced (active) expiration

A

All expiratory /abdominal muscles contract, pushing against the diaphragm, which is raised

179
Q

During forced expiration, there is Decreased ________, and increased _________ (Much more than the atmospheric pressure)

A

lung volume, interthoracic air pressure

180
Q

Define: relaxation pressure

A

Respiratory maneuver

• The pressure produced entirely by nonmuscular forces of the respiratory apparatus

181
Q

Relaxation pressure varies according to _____

A

volume of air in the lungs

182
Q

Lung air volume relationship with relaxation pressure

A

– How distorted is the system? – Highest volume = greatest relaxation pressure – Lowest volume = smallest relaxation pressure

183
Q

The amounts of air within the lungs are expressed as a percentage of _______ (horizontal axis)

A

vital capacity

184
Q

Meaning of points to left or right of relaxation pressure diagram

A

Points to the right of zero atmospheric pressure represent pressures greater than the atmospheric
pressure • left of zero are subatmospheric (negative)

185
Q

How is speech breathing maintained?

A

Maintained with precise control of the expiratory muscles to meet the requirements of phonation (VF) and articulation
(Articulators)

186
Q

Define: speech breathing

A

Continuous airflow to maintain the VF vibration

-‐‐ intrathoracic/subglottal air pressure has to be developed and maintained 5-‐‐20 cm H2O

187
Q

Characteristics of inspiration and expiration during speech breathing

A

Prolonged and controlled expirations -‐‐ Rapid inspiration

188
Q

4 other functions that happen during of speech breathing

A

“Checking” function of inspiratory muscles
• Abdominal muscles contract to push against the diaphragm
Controlling the airflow
-‐‐ Vocal folds serve as resistance to increase subglottal pressure

189
Q

What muscles are active during speech breathing?

A

External intercostals, expiratory (thoracic and abdominal) muscles

190
Q

External intercostals- actions during speech breathing

A

(major inspiratory muscle) still contracting for active exhalation, to control exhalation (airflow brakes) in order
to maintain just the necessary pressures for speech

191
Q

Respiratory cycle (does, does not) begin from vegetative (quiet) breath. Why?

A

Does not. you need more volume that will grant you more recoil à less work )

192
Q

____ to ____% of vital capacity is used as the power source of the speech mechanism

A

35-70%

193
Q

3 prominent functions of the respiratory system in speech

A

1) Provide a power source: subglottal pressures build up, vocal folds act as resistance
2) Increase loudness of voice: subglottal pressure and loudness are directly related-‐‐-‐‐the higher the pressure, the bigger the amplitude of VF vibration
3) Utterance/ speech duration : related with the rate of airflow, determined by firing of the muscle fibers (6-‐‐8 phonemes / sec)

194
Q

5 clinical conditions that affect the respiratory system

A

1). Asthma
– Chronic inflammation of bronchioles; inflammation, swelling occurs reducing airways; ciliary action is suppressed; mucous production is increased
2). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Catchall for many disorders
– Emphysema
• Breakdown of alveolar walls and capillaries due to long-‐‐term exposure to air particulate matter (smoke, dust)
3). Vocal fold paralysis/paresis
4). Ventilator dependent – high cervical spine injury
5). Neurodegenerative disease or stroke

195
Q

Maximum expiration and inspiration points on relaxation curve

A

Maximum expiration on lower bottom part of righthand line to central relaxation curve, maximum inspiration on upper top part of lefthand line to central relaxation curve

MA-SLP BootCamp Exam (5 decks)

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