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Day 2: Petrology and Mineralogy > Day 2: Correlation Course Exam > Flashcards

Day 2: Correlation Course Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The crystal habit is:

A

the general aspect or shape a crystal possesses

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2
Q

how are crsytal forms related to each other?

A

by the symmetry the crystal possesses

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3
Q

what defines whether a substance is crystalline?

A

the internal atomic structure

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4
Q

crystals are bounded by:

A

smooth surfaces

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5
Q

under what conditions do well-developed crystals form?

A

suitable physicochemical conditions

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6
Q

a perfect crystal is

A

a crystal with both external form and internal atomic structure

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7
Q

it is used to denote the general shapes of crystals

A

habit

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8
Q

what is the defining characteristic of naturally occuring crystal?

A

regular geometric form and internal atomic structure

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9
Q

what is the subject matter of crystallography?

A

external shape, internal structure, and laws governing crystal growth

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10
Q

what did Sir W.H. Bragg and Sir W.L Bragg analyze in 1913, which contributed to the science of crystallography?

A

crystals of sodium chloride

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11
Q

what phenomenon occurs when a beam of X-ray falls on a crystal and ‘scatters’ in certain directions?

A

diffraction

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12
Q

the flat surfaces by which crystals are bounded are called:

A

faces

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13
Q

what is the phenomena where individual scattered wavelets may recombine in phase to produce a diffracted beam?

A

interference

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14
Q

what is a zone?

A

set of faces whose mutual intersection gives rise to parallel edges

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15
Q

what is the relationship between faces, solid angles, and edges in a crystal?

A

f + c = e + 2

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16
Q

the steno’s law of constant angles is also called?

A

the first law of crystallography

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17
Q

when steno studied quartz crystals, what did he observed of the relationship between adjoining faces?

A

they were always 120 degrees

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18
Q

which mineral is an example of idiochromatic mineral?

a. quartz
b. beryl
c. garnet
d. tourmaline

A

c. garnet

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19
Q

why is colour not a reliable property for identifying most minerals?

A

it varies for most minerals

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20
Q

quartz may appear as pale brown (smoky) or pale pink (rose quartz). this is due to:

A

presence of trace elements

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21
Q

when a mineral absorbs all light and reflects none:

A

it appears black

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22
Q

these are minerals that have characteristic color related to their composition.

A

idiochromatic

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23
Q

which element is responsible for the green color in minerals?

A

Fe^2+

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24
Q

diamond and graphite have different physical properties. the differences in their physical properties is due to the:

A

bonding between atoms

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25
Q

why is color considered an unreliable property for identifying minerals?

A

it varies due to different factors

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26
Q

the limit hardness in which beyond you cannot use a streak plate to determine a mineral’s streak is:

A

7

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27
Q

which mineral has a white streak despite having different colors?

a. fluorite
b. hematite
c. galena
d. pyrite

A

a. fluorite

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28
Q

a black hematite gives what streak color?

A

reddish brown

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29
Q

why do metallic minerals generally have dark colored streaks?

A

they absorb most of the light

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30
Q

what makes streak a useful property for identifying metallic minerals?

A

it is generally constant or similar for all varieties

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31
Q

which physical property of minerals is related to their weight compared to the weight of an equal volume of water?

A

specific gravity

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32
Q

how many minerals are known to exist in the Earth’s crust according to the International Mineralogical Association?

A

6,000

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33
Q

which mineral is commonly used in toothpaste?

a. quartz
b. halite
c. calcite
d. gypsum

A

c. calcite

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34
Q

cleavage refers to:

A

the way a mineral breaks along planes of weakness

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35
Q

it is the ability of a mineral to emit light when exposed to certain conditions

A

luminescence

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36
Q

which of the following is NOT a property used to group physical propertoes of minerals?

a. hardness
b. color
c. taste
d.fracture

A

c. taste

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37
Q

which of the following is NOT a property used to identify minerals based on their physical characteristics?

a. lustre
b. chemical composition
c. hardness
d. transparence

A

b. chemical composition

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38
Q

the resistance of a mineral to being scratched is its:

A

hardness

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39
Q

why does a mineral appear green to our eyes?

A

it reflects green wavelength and absorbs others

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40
Q

it describes a confused aggregate of imperfect crystal grains interfering with each other during growth

A

crystalline?

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41
Q

crystals that have no developed faces are called:

A

anhedral crystals

42
Q

under what conditions do minerals grow into a definite crystal form?

A

favourable environmental conditions

43
Q

how is cleavage defined based on ease in obtaining?

A

excellent, good, imperfect

44
Q

basal cleavage refer to:

A

surface parallel to the base of the crystal

45
Q

which type of luminescence continues even after the existing rays are cut off?

A

Phosphorescent

46
Q

what type of luster do minerals like steel, gold, and silver exhibit?

A

metallic luster

47
Q

the degree of transparency of a mineral is its

A

diaphaneity

48
Q

it is the emission of light by a mineral that is not the result of heating?

A

luminescence

49
Q

this describes minerals that appear foggy due to light diffusion and internal absorption.

A

translucent

50
Q

what type of minerals emit light during exposure to UV light, x-rays, or cathode rays?

A

fluorescent

51
Q

cryptocrystalline means:

A

minerals with traces of crystalline structure

52
Q

luster that is similar to that of polished glass

A

vitreous

53
Q

this type of luster is often seen in minerals like sphalerite, opal, and amber

A

resinous

54
Q

a mineral described as having a milky shimmer resemblinh an iridescent pearl is called:

A

silky

55
Q

minerals like asbestos, serpentine, and malachite exhibit which type of luster that gives a silk or satin-like appearance?

A

silky

56
Q

habit described as having many hair-like or thread like filaments or a twisted wire, as seen in native copper and silver

A

filiform

57
Q

described as having fibers radiating from a center, producing a star-like shape, as in wavellite

A

stellate

58
Q

luster described as having a high refractive index

A

adamantine

59
Q

this habit is described as small spheroids or ellipsoids resembling tiny fish eggs

A

oolitic

60
Q

this resembles tree branches or a river system

A

dendritic

61
Q

which crystal habit is spherical aggregation, like a bunch of grapes

A

botryoidal

62
Q

what crystal habit resembles a network of small crystals developed in a cross mesh pattern?

A

reticulated

63
Q

it resembles a lump of sugar and is evenly sized

A

granular

64
Q

galena, garnet, and pyrite all belongs to what crystal system?

A

cubic

65
Q

the following minerals are tetragonal, except:

a. rutile
b. cassiterite
c. zircon
d. beryl

A

d. beryl

hexagonal

66
Q

apatite is to hexagonal as tourmaline is to:

A

trigonal

67
Q

to which crystal system do minerals like sulphur, barite, and olivine belong?

A

orthorhombic

68
Q

list of monoclinic minerals?

A

gypsum, augite, hornblende

69
Q

in which crystal system does topaz belong?

A

orthorhombic

70
Q

how many directions does prismatic cleavage have?

A

two

71
Q

which mineral shows a significant difference in hardness between different scratch directions, with a hardness of 5 parallel to the length and 7 across the lenght?

A

kyanite

72
Q

which mineral is known for its high specific gravity and is heavy due to its metallic luster?

A

galena

73
Q

the property of mineral which refers to the resistance it offers when subjected to crushing, bending, breaking, or tearing.

A

tenacity

74
Q

what taste is associated with sylvite?

A

bitter

75
Q

who suggested a scale of fusibility for minerals?

A

Kobell

76
Q

what are striations in minerals?

A

hairline grooves on cleavage planes or crystal faces

77
Q

how can you differentiate between cleavage planes and fracture surfaces?

A

cleavage planes are smooth and flat, while fracture surfaces are generally rough or uneven

78
Q

which minerals commonly exhibit striations on their cleavage planes or crystal faces?

A

quartz and feldspar

79
Q

what is the hardness of talc on the Moh’s scale?

A

1

80
Q

which common object can be used to test if a mineral is a soft mineral?

A

glass plate

81
Q

what is considered the most valued property for gems?

A

clarity

82
Q

what is the term for minerals that develop an electrical charge when subjected to stress?

A

Piezoelectric

83
Q

Geiger-Muller counters are used to measure:

A

radioactivity

84
Q

the four C’s in the assessment of gemstones are:

A

Color, Cut, Clarity, Carat

85
Q

what property of gemstones refers to the absence of internal flaws or inclusions?

A

clarity

86
Q

what brings a wide range of colours in gems?

A

presence of trace elements

87
Q

which type of gems are prized for their vivid colours even if they are opaque?

A

jade

88
Q

what is the basis of a standard weight called carat?

A

a fifth of a gram

89
Q

which minerals are drawn to a magnetic field as along as the magnetic field is present?

A

paramagnetic

90
Q

in reconstructing geological history, what do magnetic minerals help in recording?

A

direction of earth’s magnetic field through time

91
Q

how are ore minerals separated from waste materials?

A

utilization of magnetic property

92
Q

which type of minerals have no attraction for a magnetic field?

A

diamagnetic

93
Q

which carbonate minerals show effervescence in hot hydrochloric acid?

A

dolomite and rodochrosite

94
Q

what distinguishes gemstones from other minerals?

A

their beauty

95
Q

which of the following is NOT considered one of the rarest and most valuable gems?

A

turquoise

96
Q

which gemstones are composed of Al2O3?

A

ruby and sapphire

97
Q

which gemstone is made of chalcedony?

A

Opal

98
Q

which gemstone is known as green beryl

A

Emerald

99
Q

who proposed a chemical composition based mineral classification system in 1854?

A

J.D. Dana

100
Q

what did Lawrence Bragg’s discovery of X-rays enable in mineral classification?

A

determining atomic arrangement

101
Q

how many main mineral groups are minerals classified into in the Dana system?

A

8

Day 2: Petrology and Mineralogy (3 decks)

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