Day 2 Flashcards by Andrea Janney

What is the avg core temp?

98.0- 98.6 orally

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What is range of temp?

97-99.5

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What temp is someone considered febrile?

100.4

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How do you convert celsius to fahrenheit?

multiply by 9, divide by 5, then add 32

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What two factors determine rate of heat loss?

how rapidly heat can be conducted to skin and how rapidly heat can be transferred from skin to surroundings

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What are the four types of heat loss?

radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

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Define convection.

removal of heat from body by air currents

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How is heat loss affected by water?

the rate of heat loss to water is usually many times greater than the rate of heat loss to air

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What are the organ systems responsible for heat loss?

skin, cardiovascular, respiratory

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Where does thermostatic detection occur?

hypothalamic area of brain, skin, and deep body tissues

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What are the fxns of heat sensitive cells?

induces sweating, vasodilation of skin vessels, decrease in heat production

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What are the fxns of cold sensitive cells?

piloerection, vasoconstriction, increase heat production

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Define hyperthermia.

Elevated temp caused by inadequate thermoregulatory responses during hot weather/excercise. Set-pt is not increased

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What are the predisposing factors of hyperthermia?

Age, health, medications, level of acclimation, length of exposure, intensity of exposure, environmental factors (humidity/wind)

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How do medications cause hyperthermia?

diuretics increase dehydration, beta blockers decrease vasodilation, psychotropic drugs decrease CNS regulation

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Describe characteristics of heat cramps.

painful contraction of muscle grps during or after strenous excercise in the heat. caused by replacement of water without adequate salt

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Describe heat exhaustion.

salt or water depletion, mild hyperexia, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness.

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Describe heat stroke.

critical organ damage, significant mortality, markedly elevated body temp.

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Describe exertional heatstroke.

younger, physically fit with normal thermoregulatory systems. not dehydrated, elevated body temp

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Describe classic heatstroke.

older, debilitated exposed passively to significant heat. ability to respond is compromised by CV disease, drugs, alcohol. Usually prespiring for long time and dehydrated

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What are the treatment methods of heatstroke?

cooling measures, prevent shivering, keep patient NPO, IV NS, valium

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How do pyrogens work?

Organism or byproduct of organism present in blood. Phagocytosis by immune system leads to digestion of products and release of IF-1 and TNF. IF-1 and TNF induce formation of prostaglandin E2, Prostaglandins act on hypothalamus to increase the set-pt

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What are two other factors that can increase the set-pt?

malignant hyperthermia and tumor pressing on hypothalamus

What is malignant hyperthermia?

condition triggered by exposure to certain drugs used for general anesthesia that induce uncontrolled increase in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism overwhelming the body’s capacity to supply O2, remove CO2 and regulate body temp

What are the signs of malignant hyperthermia?

muscle rigidity, increased CO2, rhabdomyolysis, temp elevation, tachycardia, tachypnea, acidosis, hyperkalemia

How does fever help the body?

decreases length of illness, decreases viral shedding, impairs viral/bacterial growth, decreases serum iron, enhances other immunologic fxns

How does fever hurt the body?

increases metabolic rate, increase O2 consumption, increases CO2 production, increases demands on cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, can aggravate cerebral injuries, can precipitate febrile convulsion in children

Compare and contrast ibuprofen and tylenol for the treatment of fever.

Ibuprofen is more effective and has longer duration of action, but is less safe than tylenol

How do you calculate metabolic rate?

calories/hr

What four factors influence metabolic rate?

excercise, food intake, shivering, anxiety

What is the basal metabolic rate?

the minimal waking rate of internal energy expenditure

What two factors affect basal metabolic rate?

measured rate of heat production (direct calorimetry) and measured O2 consumption (indirect calorimetry)

What 3 factors influence BMR?

food intake, thyroid hormone, activity level

What is positive energy balance?

When intake exceeds output. energy is stored as glycogen or fat

What is negative energy balance?

When output exceeds intake. energy stores are depleted

What controls food intake?

feeding centers in lateral hypothalamus and satiety centers in ventromedial hypothalamus

What other factors besides hypothalamic regulation affects food intake?

pregastric factors, gastrointestinal and postabsorpative factors, and long term controls

What is glycogenesis?

conversion of glucose to glycogen when the glucose in the blood exceeds demand

define fat synthesis.

creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malinyl-CoA precursors thru action of enzymes

define fat breakdown

process in which fatty acids are broken down into their metabolites, in the end generating acetyl-CoA

What is catabolism?

energy production, breaks down large molecules to produce energy

what is anaboism?

requires energy, creates large molecules out of smaller molecules

how does insulin affect blood sugar?

facilitates glucose entry into cells, stimulates glycogenesis, inhibits glycogenolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis

how does insulin act on fat?

increases transport into adipose cells, promotes triglyceride synthesis, inhibits lipolysis

how does insulin act on protein?

promotes uptake of aa by muscle, promotes protein synthesis, inhibits protein degradation

how is insulin controlled?

negative feedback thru blood sugar, blood aa, GI hormones, and parasympathetic activity. The presence of glucose, aa, fatty acids in the intestine stimulates pancrease to secrete insulin

what does glucagon do?

opposes actions of insulin, decreases glycogen sythesis, promotes glycogenolysis, stimulates gluconeogenesis, promotes fat breakdown, and in the liver causes protein catabolism

How do epi, cortisol, and GH affect blood sugar/proteins?

all increase blood glucose and fatty acids. cortisol increases blood aa and decreases muscle protein. GH decreases blood aa and increases muscle protein

What is 98.6F equivalent to in Celsius?

37C

What is 100.4F equivalent to in Celsius?

38C

What is 104F equivalent to in Celsius?

40C

how does thyroxine effect BMR?

Thyroxine increases the number and activity of mitochondria in cells by binding to the cells' DNA, increasing the basal metabolic rate.

What is an antipyretic?

cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin induced increased in temp. the body then works to lower the temp reducing the fever

What are two common antipyretics?

ibuprofen and acetaminophen

What is the avg peek temp in 18 month old?

37.6C or 99.8F

What is a calorie?

the amt of heat energy necessary to raise the temp of 1g of H2O 1 degree