Day 2 Flashcards
What are the categories of infectious diseases?
Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic
What is difference btw infectious and non infectious disease?
non infectious isn’t contagious or transmitted by microorganism
How are pathogens transmitted?
air, water, food, body fluids, touch, vector
How do bacteria make us sick?
produce poisons that cause cell death
How do viruses make us sick?
use cells to reproduce and then cause cell death
How do fungi make us sick?
grow and produce toxins
How do parasites make us sick?
live and grow in our body destroying tissues
Define diagnosis.
The designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
Define differential diagnosis.
Weighing competing possibilities and selecting the most likely one but listing in order of likelihood
Define working diagnosis.
Based on info from history, physical exam, and diagnostic testing
Describe characteristics of primary headaches.
Most common, tension, migraine, cluster
Describe characteristics of secondary headaches.
based on etiology, not symptoms. whiplash, medication overuse, birth control changes, sinus symptoms, TMJ pain
What should you ask of all patients with chief complaint of headache?
Is this the worst headache of your life?
What does neck stiffness suggest on examination?
meningitis
What does papilledema suggest on examination?
presence of intracranial mass lesion, benign intracranial hypertension, encephalitis, meningitis
What do focal neurologic signs suggest on examination?
intracranial mass lesion
What is an important differential diagnosis of fever in children?
UTIs
What are the differential diagnoses of cough?
respiratory tract infections, reactive airway disease, gastroesophageal reflux, air pollution, foreign body, ACE inhibitor, psychogenic cough, post nasal drip
What are differential diagnoses of edema?
heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, medications, deep vein thrombosis
What is presentation and possible causes of deep vein thrombosis?
Presents as acute onset unilateral leg edema caused by long drive, tobacco use, birth control use
What are differential diagnoses of weight loss?
hyperthyroidism, DM, gastrointestinal disease, malignancy, HIV, drugs, advanced cardiac/pulmonary/renal disease
What are the three vague neurological complaints?
dizziness, fainting, tingling
What are differential diagnoses of vague neuro complaints?
syncope, heart disease, diabetes, dehydration, stress
What are signs of inflammation?
localized erythema, warmth, tenderness, lymphadenopathy
What are differential diagnoses of inflammation?
infection vs inflammation. trauma, overuse, medications, DVT, cellulitis, rhabdomyolysis, immune disorders
What are common SE of ACE inhibitors at high doses?
hypotension, cough, edema
Clinical manifestations of sinusitis.
chronic nasal stuffiness or chronic respiratory illness
Clinical manifestations of glaucoma
impaired vision or seeing holes around light
Clinical manifestations of an optic pathway lesion (pituitary mass)
visual field defects
Clinical manifestations of raised intracranial pressure
blurry vision on forward bending, morning headaches what improve when sitting up, double vision
clinical manifestations of optic neuritis
sudden, sever, unilateral vision loss
clinical manifestations of temporal arteritis
HA, fatigue, > 55, night sweats, generalized aches and pains
clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma
intermittent HA w/HTN
What are two skin inflammations that can cause fever?
boils, abscess
What are immunological diseases that can cause fever?
lupus, sarcoidosis, IBD, Kawasaki
What types of tissue destruction can cause fever?
hemolysis, surgery, infarction, rhabdomyolysis, cerebral hemorrhage
What types of cancers can cause fever?
kidney, leukemia, lymphomas
What types of metabolic disorders can cause fever?
gout, porphyria
What types of thrombo-embolic processes can cause fever?
pulmonary embolism, DVT
What is the diagnostic approach to cough?
CBC, H pylori if h/o GERD, Sed rate, CXR, spirometry
What is the treatment of cough?
antibiotics, corticosteroids
What is the diagnostic approach to edema?
CBC, CMP, TSH, EKG, CXR
What are the diagnostic approaches to weight loss?
CBC, CMP, TSH, A1C, UA, stool hemoccult, ESR, CXR
What are the diagnostic approaches to vague neuro complaints?
CBC, CMP, TSH, UA, A1C, HCG, CXR, EKG, pulse ox
What does bilateral inflammation suggest?
rhabdomyolysis, immune disorders
What are the diagnostic approaches to inflammation?
CBC, sed rate, CMP, UA, plain films
