Day 2

Question 1

Eukaryotes

Answer 1

Organisms whose cells have membrane bound organelles, including a nucleus

Question 2

Surface membrane

Answer 2

A plasma membrane made of a phospholipid bilayer → cell wall

Question 3

Cytoplasm

Answer 3

Semi-liquid medium that contains all cells organelles & life sustaining molecules → site of many chemical reactions.

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

Found only in eukaryotes; stores DNA & proteins /enzymes needed to decode & replicate. Has nuclear membrane W/ pores to allow mRNA to leave nucleotides to enter. DNA stored densely around proteins called histones → forming chromatin

Question 5

Nucleolus

Answer 5

Found w/in nucleus Organelles that & it make RNA & ribosomes.

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

Structures that read mRNA & interact w/ tRNa (contains amino acids) to build polypeptides. Found throughout cell, mainly in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Question 7

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 7

Series of folded phospholipid bilayers w/ ribosomes embedded → protein synthesis.

Question 8

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

Series of folded phospholipid bilayer w/ no ribosomes → lipid synthesis & transport.

Question 9

Golgi Body

Answer 9

Series of flattened sacs used to package & transport molecules out of the cell.

Transition vesicles move molecule into GB → molecule encapsulated into Golgi vesicle that buds off → Secretion vesicle carries & mergers GV to plasma membrane → release of content outside of cell.

Question 10

Mitochondria

Answer 10

Double layer plasma membrane; inside membrane folded into finger like structures called CRISTAE (increases surface area), filled w/ fluid called the Matrix. site of aerobic respiration → ATP production.

Question 11

Centrioles

Answer 11

Two in each cell → move to poles during Mitosis & Meiosis → help pull chromosomes into each half of cell.

Question 12

Cell Wall (Plant)

Answer 12

Cellulose wall outside plasma membrane = increased structural integrity.

Question 13

Chloroplasts

Answer 13

has outer double layer plasma membrane that encloses substance called STROMA → site of light-dependent photosynthesis.
Also series of stacked Thylakoid membranes called GRANA (many) or GRANUM (single) → second stage of photosynthesis occurs.

Question 14

Vacuole

Answer 14

Large sap-filled sacs → Storing chemicals & regulate water levels w/in cells.

Question 15

Prokaryote

Answer 15

No membrane bound organelles → no nucleus → DNA found in cytoplasm. Bacteria.

Question 16

Chromosomal DNA

Answer 16

Single circular chromosome called NUCLEOID → not housed in nucleus & no associated proteins.

Question 17

Cell Wall (Bacteria) & Gram + / Gram -

Answer 17

Made of peptidoglycan (MUREIN); made of disaccharides & amino acids → structural integrity & substance transfer.

Gram + = thick wall (absorbs stain in test)
Gram - = thin wall (no stain absorbed).

Question 18

Plasma Membrane (Bacteria)

Answer 18

Phospholipid Bilayer → same as Eukaryote = evidence of common ancestor.

Question 19

Cytoplasm (Bacteria)

Answer 19

Site of metabolic reactions. Houses all microstructures which have no membranes.

Question 20

Ribosomes (Bacteria)

Answer 20

Smaller than Eukaryotes & float freely in cytoplasm.

Question 21

Plasmid DNA (Bacteria)

Answer 21

Smaller, circular DNA seperate from chromosomal DNA. Can self replicate & pass btw bacteria. One, many or none (only in some bacteria).

Question 22

Capsule (Bacteria)

Answer 22

Gelatinous structure made of polysaccharides surrounding the cell wall → prevents phagocyte ingestion → extra protection → increased virulence = increase causing disease.

Question 23

Flagella (Bacteria)

Answer 23

Filament composed of protein Flagellin → connected to bacteria cell wall via hook → used for movement.

One, many or none.

Question 24

Fimbriae/ Pili (Bacteria)

Answer 24

Thread-like structures that help bacteria attach to host cell wall.

Question 25

Viruses

Answer 25

Non-living organisms (pathogens). Particles made of RNA or DNA strand → protein coated & surrounded by protein envelope (complex viruses).

Can’t self reproduce → need living cell machinery to replicate.

Question 26

Viral Shapes

Answer 26

Purpose of all shapes is to ensure virus can enter target cell.

Spherical - Ball.
Polyhedral - 20 sided dice w/ protruding spikes.
Helical - Cylindrical.
Complex - Insect like.

Question 27

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

Answer 27

Virus can be manipulated → has own DNA removed & replaced w/ desired gene instructions (gene therapy) → injects desired genetic payload into target cell → target cell treats viral load as own → cell’s can produce proteins it couldn’t before (ie faulty DNA).

Used to battle some bacteria → bacteriophages.

Question 28

Pattern Recognition Receptors (Virus)

Answer 28

Specific proteins used to evade host immune detection. Same molecules used in vaccines.

Question 29

Genetic Material (Virus)

Answer 29

Occurs as a core made from either DNA or RNA → injects into host cell & is treated as own genetic info → transcribing & translating → new virus

Question 30

Capsid (Virus)

Answer 30

Protein coat surrounding genetic material, made from polypeptides (made from host cell).

Question 31

Attachment Protein (Virus)

Answer 31

Some viruses have modifications to the coat which allow easier access to host cell.

Question 32

Viral Reproduction (Stage 1)

Answer 32

Virus recognised host cell by marker protein on surface.

Question 33

Viral Reproduction (Stage 2)

Answer 33

Attaches to host cell via attachment protein.

Question 34

Viral Reproduction (Stage 3)

Answer 34

Injects genetic material into host cell.

Question 35

Viral Reproduction (Stage 4)

Answer 35

Cell read genetic material, & reproduces it making new viral parts.

Question 36

Viral Reproduction (Stage 5)

Answer 36

Virus exits cell, often using host cell membrane to complete its structure. This can happen millions of times per cell.

Question 37

Viral Reproduction (Stage 6)

Answer 37

Virus leaves to infect another cell.