Day #1 S1

Question 1

Name of the Upper-Lower crust discontinuity

Answer 1

Conrad

Question 2

Process of tranforming matter into an ordered, concentric layers, separated by physical and chemical properties

Answer 2

Differentiation

Question 3

The process of gradual accumulation of additional Layers of material

Answer 3

Accretion

Question 4

Mantle constitutes _% of the Earth by Mass

Answer 4

62%

Question 5

The Core makes up about _% of the Earth’s Volume

Answer 5

16%

Question 6

Density of the Inner Core

Answer 6

13g/cm3

Question 7

Average elevation of the continental features

Answer 7

0.8 km

Question 8

Where is the Appalachians found?

Answer 8

Eastern United States

Question 9

Where is the Urals found?

Answer 9

Russia

Question 10

The branch of Geology that studies Kinematics and geometry of structures

Answer 10

Structural Geology

Question 11

Who developed the law of Fossil Succession?

Answer 11

William Smith

Question 12

Average depth of the Hydrosphere

Answer 12

3800m or 12500 ft

Question 13

Tenuous ccloud-like phenomena appearing in the Mesosphere

Answer 13

Noctilucent Clouds/ Night Clouds

Question 14

The troposphere contains roughly about _% of the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere

Answer 14

80%

Question 15

The International Space Station(ISS) orbits within what layer of the atmosphere?

Answer 15

Thermosphere (350-420km asl)

Question 16

Name and Depth of the Mantle-Core Discontinuity

Answer 16

Guttenberg Discontinuity, 2900km

Question 17

What are the three models for Earth’s accretion and differention

Answer 17

1) Homogenous Accretion, 2) Heterogenous Accretion, 3) Magma Ocean Model

Question 18

Differentiate Continental and Oceanic Crust

Answer 18

Continental Crust: 2.7g/cm3, Generally Granitic, Dioritic or Gabbroic in lower portion, About 30-80km, sometimes 100km, Oldest rocks are up to 4.28 Ga in Greenstone Belts. Oceanic Crust:, 3.0g/cm, Basaltic, 3-10km(the older the thicker), Oldest is 180 Ma along eastern atlantic and western pacific

Question 19

Differentiate LVZ and Transition Zone

Answer 19

LVZ - Contact between Lithosphere and Asthenosphere, small amounts of partial melting occur causing a decrease in P-wave velocity. Transition Zone- Contact between Asthenosphere and Mesosphere at depth of 660 km, Olivine Transforms into Wadleysite -> Ringwoodite, Garnet -> Perovskite -> Periclase

Question 20

Enumerate the Dominant Minerals In the Mesosphere

Answer 20

Perovskite, Periclase, Magnesiowestite, Stishovite, Ilmenite, and Ferrite

Question 21

Differentiate UVZ and D’’ Layer

Answer 21

D” Layer - Site of anomalous seismic signals. Fast Velocity caused by lithosphere subducted all the way down. ULVZ - Within the lowermost part of the D’ Layer, Decrease in P-wave velocity due to formation of deep mantle plumes

Question 22

Differentiate the two areas of a continent

Answer 22

Extensive, Flat stable areas- Interior of the continents. Uplifted Regions - Long Narrow Features at the margins of continent

Question 23

What is a stable Interior?

Answer 23

Interiors of the Continents that have been relatively stable or undisturbed for atleast 600 million years.

Question 24

Considered as flooded extension of the Continents

Answer 24

Continental Shelf

Question 25

The Earth's Surface is _% Ocean Basins, and _% Continents

Answer 25

60%, 40%

Question 26

Submerged Volcanic Structures which sometimes form long narrow chains.

Answer 26

Seamounts

Question 27

Broad elevated feature that forms a continuous belt that can wind for more than 70, 000km

Answer 27

Oceanic Ridges

Question 28

Differentiate two major branches of Geology

Answer 28

Physical Geology- Composition and Porcesses occuring on Earth. Historical - Origin and Evolution of Earth and Life and the history embedded on rocks and fossils.

Question 29

Differentiate the two types of Inclusion

Answer 29

Xenolith- Igenous or Metamorphic Rock inclusions, Clasts - Sedimentary Inclusions

Question 30

Enumerate the divisions of the Geologic timescale from major to minor

Answer 30

Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, Age

Question 31

Differentiate Homosphere and Heterosphere

Answer 31

Homosphere - msl to 100km asl, mix of gas is roughly constant. Heterosphere - found above the homosphere where the micture of gases radically changes with altitude

Question 32

How do Auroras occur?

Answer 32

Due to disturbance in the Magnetosphere, caused by solar winds

Question 33

What is the Magnetosphere?

Answer 33

A comet-shaped region around the planet created by interaction of solar wind with Earth's magnetic field that acts as barrier of Earth from space weather

Question 34

Enumerate the stratigraphic Laws and its Author

Answer 34

Law of Superposition - Steno, Law of Orginal Horizontality - Steno, Law of Lateral Continuity- Steno, Law of Cross-cutting Relationship - Charles Lyell, Law of Inclusion- Charles Lyell, Law of Fossil Succession - William Smith

Question 35

Illustrate the different discontinuities

Answer 35

Picture

Question 36

Illustrate the seismic velocity in Earth's Interior

Answer 36

Picture

Question 37

Discuss the differences between Young and Old mountain Blets, Shields, and Stable Platform/Craton. Give an example

Answer 37

Shield - Extensive Flat Regions, Composed of deformed crystalline rock, highly deformed igneous and metamorphic rocks that is usually a basement complex. Craton - Extensive, flat stable regions, relatively thin veneer of sed rocks.

Question 38

Illustrate the Features of Continental Margin

Answer 38

Picture

Question 39

Disucuss the 5 Different Concepts of Geology

Answer 39

Catastrophism - Earth has been shaped by great catastrophes. Uniformitarianism- Physical, Chemical, Biological laws that operate today, also operated in the geologic past. Plutonism - Rocks were formed by emplacement and solidification of lava. Neptunism - Rocks had settled out of a large ocean whose level gradually dropped over. Actualism- Like Uniformitarianism but events occur at dfferent rates

Question 40

Illustrate the 6 Stratigraphic Laws

Answer 40

Picture

Question 41

Discuss the two types of Dating

Answer 41

Relative Dating- determines the age of an object or event in relation to other objects or events , Example (By observing the principles of superposition and faunal succession, they can infer that the fossils found in deeper layers are older than those found in shallower layers.) Absolute Dating- provides a specific age, Example ( By measuring the decay of carbon-14 isotopes in organic remains, scientists can calculate the age of the sample. )

Question 42

Illustrate the Layers of the Atmosphere

Answer 42

Picture

Question 43

Illustrate the Division of Freshwater

Answer 43

Picture

Question 44

Illustrate the Division of Atmosphere

Answer 44

Picture

Question 45

Discuss the different types of UV rays

Answer 45

UV-A - Penetrates glass and deep into skin causing skin damage and aging. UV- B - Able to cause cancer, can be blocked by glass and clothes. UV-C deadliest, but mostly absorbbed by the earth's atmosphere

Question 46

Explain the distribution of abundance of Life

Answer 46

Ocean Life - Abundanceis concentrated in the sunlit surface water of the Sea. On Land - Concentrated near the surface, with tree roots and burrowing animals reaching a few meters underground, and flying insects and birds reaching a kilometer above land

Question 47

Illustrate the Homogenous Accretion Model

Answer 47

Picture

Question 48

Illustrate the Magma Ocean Model

Answer 48

Picture

Question 49

Illustrate the Heterogenous Accretion Model

Answer 49

Picture