Day 1 - Intro + theories and causes

Question 1

John Locke

Answer 1

“Tabula Rasa” - “individuals are born without built-in mental content and that therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception”

Question 2

Jean-Marc Itard

Answer 2

Victor the “wild boy of Aveyron”

Question 3

IDEA

Answer 3

(Individuals with Disabilities Education Act):

• Free public education
• Children with special needs should be assessed and helped appropriately (e.g., through an IEP)

Question 4

Competence

Answer 4

ability to adapt to one’s environment

Question 5

Developmental pathways

Answer 5

sequences and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships between behaviors over time

Question 6

Adaptive behavior

Answer 6

engaging in behaviors that allow children to meet environmental demands

Question 7

Equifinality

Answer 7

Multiple causes or risk factors may result in a single outcome

Question 8

Multifinality

Answer 8

Single cause or risk factor may result in many outcomes

Question 9

Risk factors

Answer 9

variable preceding a negative outcome of interest and increases the chances that outcome will occur

Question 10

Protective Factors

Answer 10

factors that reduce the chances for a child to develop a disorder or that promote or maintain healthy development

> Mentors, Social Support, Prenatal Care, IQ, Responsive Caregiver, Social Competence

Question 11

Resilience

Answer 11

the ability to develop competence despite being at risk for psychopathology

Question 12

Sensitive Periods

Answer 12

periods of time during which environment influences on development are enhanced

Question 13

Developmental cascades

Answer 13

process by which a child’s previous interactions and experiences may spread across other systems and alter his/her course of development

Question 14

Gene

Answer 14

stretch of DNA that has code for a specific protein

Question 15

Chromosome

Answer 15

composed of DNA and in nucleus of each cell

Question 16

DNA

Answer 16

blueprint for protein assembly

Question 17

Genome

Answer 17

complete DNA sequence for an organism

Question 18

Passive

Answer 18

occur in biological families because parents provide both genes and environment for their children

> Most prominent during childhood

Question 19

Evocative

Answer 19

occur when a person’s inherited tendencies evoke responses from others in their environment

> Stable throughout life span

Question 20

Active

Answer 20

occur when a child seeks out environments that correspond to their inherited abilities

-Increases in prominence during adolescence

Question 21

Neurotransmitters

Answer 21

Chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other neurons

> Neurons sensitive to a particular neurotransmitter tend to cluster together and form brain circuits

Question 22

Emotion reactivity

Answer 22

individual differences in threshold and intensity of emotional experience

Question 23

Frontal lobes

Answer 23

self-control, judgement, emotional regulation; restructured in teen years

Question 24

Macrosystem

Answer 24

Cultural or subcultural contexts in which others are nested (e.g., social policies, societal values, historical changes)

Question 25

Internal Working Model

Answer 25

What child expects from others and how child relates to others

Question 26

Attachment Theory

Answer 26

posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of own survival

Question 27

Plasticity

Answer 27

The ability of the brain to change—physically, functionally, and chemically—throughout life

Question 28

Goodness of Fit

Answer 28

degree to which individuals temperament is compatible with demands/expectations of social environment

Question 29

Classical Conditioning

Answer 29

Based on paired associations between previously neutral stimuli & unconditioned stimuli

Question 30

Adaptation failure

Answer 30

interaction between individual and environment.

Question 31

Sensitive Periods

Answer 31

periods of time during which environment influences on development are enhanced

Question 32

Emotion Regulation

Answer 32

The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating internal feeling states

Question 33

Social Learning

Answer 33

Learning through observations

Question 34

Ecological Model

Answer 34

Model explores the interplay between the child and their immediate and social/physical environment (so, ecological model of the interplay between the individual’s biological and environmental factors)

Question 35

Cross-sectional research

Answer 35

data collected at a single time point

Question 36

Longitudinal research

Answer 36

data collected from an individual across time

Question 37

Moderation

Answer 37

Answers the question FOR WHOM or WHEN

Question 38

Mediation

Answer 38

Answers the question WHY

Question 39

Standardization

Answer 39

keeping the measurement of a variable the same across assessors and measurement occasions

> Allows us to compare across studies, time, assessments, etc.

Question 40

Reliability

Answer 40

the consistency or repeatability of results obtained using a specific method of measurement

Question 41

Validity

Answer 41

the extent to which the method actually measures what we think we are measuring

Question 42

Comorbidity

Answer 42

The simultaneous occurrence of two or more disorders than would commonly be predicted from general population base rates of individual disorders

Question 43

Diagnosis

Answer 43

describing psychosocial functioning; often involves categorizing or matching functions within some sort of set criteria

Question 44

Hyperkinesis

Answer 44

A label given to ADHD in the 1950s attributed to poor filtering of stimuli entering the brain