DAY 1 GENERAL ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Flashcards
Who invented the original version of a barometer, which is described as aninverted tube with mercury sealed at the upper end?
Evangelista Torricelli
Meaning of Au
Aurum
Meaning of Fe
Ferrum
Meaning of Na
Natrium
International authority in units
International System of Units (SI)
what is moon’s gravity relative to the earth’s gravity
g(moon)=1/6 g(earth)
It is produced in the fermentation of bread, when evaporated it causes a fragrant aroma.
Ethanol
What is a Solder?
It is an alloy made of tin and lead.
Used in the construction of electronic circuits.
Chemical element with lowest boiling point
… with highest boiling point
Helium
Tungsten
Only metal that is liquid at room temperature
Mercury
It is a liquid organic compound that is
used as an antifreeze in car radiators.
Ethylene glycol
Densest and heaviest element
Osmium
the principal ore of copper (Cu)
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
this philosopher expressed the belief that all matter consist of tiny indivisible particle called
Atomos (indivisible, uncuttable)
he formulated the precise definition of atoms
John Dalton
who formulated the law of definite proportion
Joseph Proust
He discovered electron through the Cathode Ray experiment
JJ Thomson
The cathode ray was attracted to the plate bearing positive charges and repelled the plate that bears negative charges.
The first person to isolate sugar from grapes
Joseph Proust
The charge of an electron was __ and is founded by
-1.6x10^-19, RA Millikan
German physicist who discovered X-rays
Wilhelm Rontgen
French physicist who discovered radioactivity in uranium
Antoine Henri Becquerrel
Atomic dimension is expressed in terms of
Angstrom
1 Angstrom = 100 pm
He discovered neutron
James Chadwick
Allotrope of carbon [by definition two or more distinct forms of an experiment]
Diamond, graphite, C-60
A substance known as blood sugar
glucose
it is also known as laughing gas
nitrous oxide N2O
how do you represent mercury I?
Hg2 2+ (diatomic)
Give the formula of the following monoatomic atoms:
carbide
silicide
nitride
phosphide
oxide
sulfide
selenide
telluride
C4-
S4-
N3-
P3-
O2-
S2-
Se2-
Te2-
It is a theory which believes that organic compounds only come fomr organic raw materials. This was then debunked by Wohler’s synthesis
theory of vitalism
Wohler synthesis was named after this german chemist
Friedrich wohler
raw material of Wohler synthesis and its product?
ammonium cyanate (inorganic compoud) —-> Urea (organic compound)
He pioneered organic synthesis from inorganic raw materials. he was known for synthesizing carbon dioxdide from carbon disulfide
HERMANN KOLBE
CS2 –> CO2
He coined the term isomers/ isomerism
Jons Jacob Berzelius
he introduced the resonance structure
Linus Pauling
benzene’s structure was discovered by
August kekule
According to this scientist, the movement of electron is the driving force of a chemical reaction.
Robert Robinson
the stability of organic compounds is based on these things, what are they and what are their relationship with stability
- no. of carbon atoms (inversely proportional to the stability)
- branching (more stable: more branching)
- spatial arrangement (trans more stable than cis)
saturated fats vs unsaturated fats
saturated fats–what we should avoid
unsaturated fats-what we should consume (Omega 3 fatty acids)
three basic omega-3 fatty acids
EPA–eicosapentanoic acid
DHA–docosahexanoic acid
ALA–alpha linolenic acid
difference between E and Z Conformation
Z (Zusammen) : together (Z-T)
E (Entgegen): opposite
He discovered the peroxide effect
Morris Kharasch
this basically states that when peroxide is present in the addition of HBr to the alkene, it will be add up according to Anti-markovnikov’s
Aside from inroducing the resonance structure, he also introduced the concept of hybridization
Linus Pauling
He proposed the idea of correlating molecular geometry and valence electron pair, which later became Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
Ronald Nyholm
He came from the idea that the geometry of a molecul depends on the elctron group surrounding it.
Ryutan Tsuchida
Resonance vs Lewis Structure
Resonance: delocalization of electrons; electrons are dynamic; they rearrange themselves to achieve a stable arrangement
lewis sturcture: localization of electrons; electrons are fixed. they only belong to the atoms that shared them or that the lone pairs only owns the its unshared electrons
It is the ACTUAL structure of a molecule; it is the combination of contributing structure;
the accepted or true structure of a molecule
resonance hybrid
Give the common names of the following compounds:
N2O
CaCO3
CaO
Ca(OH)2
NaHCO3
Na2CO3 10H2O
MgSO4-7H2O
Mg(OH)2
CaSO4 2H2O
N2O Laughing gas
CaCO3 Marble, chalk, limestone
CaO Quicklime Calcium oxide
Ca(OH)2 Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide
NaHCO3 Baking soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Na2CO3 10H2O Washing soda Sodium carbonate decahydrate
MgSO4 7H2O Epsom salt Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Mg(OH)2 Milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide
CaSO4 2H2O Gypsum
It states that Atoms of constituent elements in a particular compound are always combined in the same proportions by mass
law of definite proportions
it states that
When two elements can combine to
form more than one type of compound, the masses of one element that combine with a
fixed mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers
law of multiple proportions
it states that
When two elements can combine to
form more than one type of compound, the masses of one element that combine with a
fixed mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers
law of multiple proportions
most abundant element in the earth’s crust
oxygen
hydrogenation catalysts and common solvents
Pt, Pd, Ni, Rh
etoh, hexane and HAc
what is the difference between regioselectivity and stereoselectivity?
regioselectivity: where will the atom or molecule bond?
stereoselectivity: how is their arrangement in space, is it syn or anti or cis or trans?
He established the Markovnikov’s rule that is followed by alkenes when hydrogen halide is added into them.
Vladimir Markovnikov
He was the one who produced the synthetic reaction of hydroboration-oxidation
herbert brown
How to calculate the degree of unsaturation and what are the rules that we need to follow?
DoU= [Hmax- Hact] / 2
where: for every halogen add 1 to the Hact
For every nitrogen subtract one from the Hact
how do you compare the properties of molecules in cis or trans?
use the intermolecular forces present in them
What makes the aluminum used in in-can sodas do not corrode?
aluminum metals react with oxygen forming Al2O3, this compound prevents the further reaction of oxygen with Al. Thus, avoiding corrosion.
1 lightyear is equivalent to how many m
1 lightyear = 9.46 x10^15 m
It is a substance that when dissolved in water, the resulting solution can conduct electricity
eletrolyte
Water becomes hard water when it contains these ions. When water is free from these ions, it becomes soft water. what are these?
Ca2+ Mg2+
what are the storng acids and bases?
perchloric acid lithium hydroxide
hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide
hydrobromic acid Potassium hydroxide
hydroiodic acid calcium hydroxide
nitric acid strontium hydroxide
sulfuric acid barium hydroxide
Molecular formula of KHP
KHC8H4O4
Dilute wine was used as a thermometric liquid initially to develop temperature scale. First emperical temperature scale developed was the __________ scale.
Kelvin
Centigrade
Fahrenheit
Reaumer
Fahrenheit
this reaction is used for the industrial synthesis of symmetical alkanes, wherein, Alkyl halide is reacted with metallic sodium in the presence of dry ether to produce the alkane
Wurtz Synthesis
The product of adding X2(Br2 or Cl2) in H2O to an alkene
vicinal halohydrin (anti)
What is the purpose of lindlar catalyst?
It is used in the hydrogenation of alkyne to alkene (forced trans orientation)
What is the product of adding 2HX to an alkyne
alkyne: geminal dihalide (attached to the same carbon atom)
alkene: vicinal (magkahiwala)
It is the synthesis of assymetrical ethers
Williamson synthesis
Reagents used for prepartion of symmetrical ethers
hot H2SO4
Reagents used for Williamson synthesis
Na, K, NaH
Reagent required for Friedel-Crafts Acylation
AlCl3
forms when one alcohol reacts with aldehyde or ketone
hemiacetal or hemiketal
forms when two alcohols react with an aldehyde
acetal
the product when aldehyde/ketone + HCN
cyanohydrin (OH and CN)
Clean water act
RA 9725
Revised Water Usage and Classifications Water Quality Criteria
DAO 34-1990
Revised Effluent Regulations
DAO 35-1990
It is known as water quality guidelines and general effluent standards of 2016
DAO 2016-2008
concentration of salt in fresh water and marine water
fresh water: <500 ppm
marine water: < 30 ppt
Water body classification and usage of FRESH water
CLASS AA
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
CLASS D
CLASS AA (Public water supply class I) : Drinking but only requires disinfection
CLASS A (Public water supply class II) : drinking but requires convetional treatment
CLASS B (recreational class I: direct contact)
CLASS C: indirect contact (recreational water class II, irrigation, livestock, fish ponds)
CLASS D: navigable water bodies
water body classification and usage of marine water
SA
SB
SC
SD
CLASS SA:
a. protected water (sanctuaries, reserves)
b. fishery water class I (harvesting of shellfish for direct human consumption)
CLASS SB:
a. fishery water class II: commercial propagation of shellfish, spawning of bangus
b. tourist water
c. recreational water class I: primary contact
CLASS SC:
a. fishery water class III: commercial and sustenance fishing
b. Recreational water class II: indirect contact
c. mangroves
CLASS SD: navigable water
Class of water intended for primary contact reacreation such as for bathing and skin diving.
Class B
compounds that cause fishy smell
amines
compounds that cause decayed fish smell
diamines
ammonical odor of wastewater
ammonia
gas responsible for the rotten egg odor of wastewater
hydrogen sulfide
causes skunk odor of wastewater
mercaptans
rotten cabbage odor of wastewater is caused by
organic sulfide
fecal odor of wastewater is caused by
skatole
Useless or discarded material resulting from normal community activities
waste
It refers to any alteration in the physical, chemical or biological properties of the environment (air, water and land) which adversely affects its aesthetic quality and/or beneficial use.
environmental pollution
it comes from SEPTIC decomposition of waste and is due to the presence of gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and etc
odor
It is the general indication of the age of the sewage
color
grayish: fresh
black: septic
How does the temperature affect the dissolved oxygen in water?
as the temperature increase, DO decreases. because the solubility of oxygen gas decreases as the temperarure increases.
it also increases the rate at which the oxygen-consuming microbes attack organic waste (?)
It is the measure of water’s resistance to the passage of light through it
turbidity
Turbidity of clear lake
25 JTU
TURBIDITY OF MUDDY WATER
> 100 JTU
equipment used to measure turbidity
Secchi disk depth
Jackson Turbidimeter
1 JTU is equivalent to
1 mg/L SILICA in water
Sodium ions contribute to which characteristics of the water
A.pH
b. Color
c. hardness
d. total dissolved solids
TDS
total solids in water are due to the presence of
TDS AND TSS
the actual quantity of free oxygen present in water
Dissolved Oxygen
The measure of the amount of oxygen needed to completely oxidize an organic matter whose chemical formula is known
Theoretical Oxygen demand
The theoretical oxygen demand is based on what condition?
STP
Dissolved oxygen in water is reduced dring
a. winter
b. summer
c. spring
d. autumn
summer
The color of wastewater containing little to no dissolved oxygen
a. gray
b. black
c. brown
d. reddish brown
black
Conditions at which BOD is measured
5 days
20 deg C
pH =7
T or F: BOD bottle shouldnt be exposed to light and should be stoppered. WHY
T
1. aLGAE MAY BE PRESENT AND PRODUCE OXYGEN
T or F: the COD is always lesser than the BOD5 and BOD20
F| almost ALWAYS LARGER
It is the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize organics utilizes strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 in acid media
Chemical Oxygen Demand
If 5g of methane gas is burned at constant
pressure, determine the heat released in kJ if the change in entropy that accompanied the reaction
is -890kJ.
a. -360.00K
b. -250.01K
c. -278.12K
d. -192.00K
c. -278.12K
The standard molar enthalpy change is -905kJ for the oxidation of
ammonia, 4NH3(g)+5O2→4NO(g)+6H2O(g). Analyze and calculate the
standard molar enthalpy of formation for ammonia based on the
following standard enthalpies of formation:
HF[NO(g)]=+90kJ/mol; and HF[H2O(g)]=-240kJ/mol
a. -227kJ/mol
b. -500kJ/mol
c. -406kJ/mol
d. -692kJ/mol
a. -227kJ/mol
what is the CP of ice and water?
0.5 cal/gK, 1 cal/g-K respectively
Delta Hvap
Delta fus of water
delta Hvap= 540 cal/g
delta Hfus= 90 cal/g
What is the minimum work in BTU required to
produce 20lb of ice from water at 32˚F if the
surrounding air is 85˚F and the latent heat of
fusion of ice is 143.4BTU/lb?
a. 300
b. 310
c. 320
d. 330
310 BTU
it is a method of determining molecular weight which uses a bulb that is first filled with gas then with water in order to analytically determine the weight of the gas and the volume of the bulb respectively.
Regnault Method
basic components of fertilizer, serves as
nutrients for microbial growth in particular algae.
Nitrogen and phosphorus
cause hardness in water and formation
of scales and deposits on pipelines and fittings if used in industry.
Ca2+ and Mg2+
refers to the heavy metals which are toxic even in SMALL CONCENTRATIONS
trace metals
Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of wastewater?
a. odor c. color
b. turbidity d. hardness
d. hardness
It is the phenomenon that results in the overabundance of algae
growth in bodies of water. It is also the natural process of nutrient
enrichment that occurs over time in a body of water.
a. biomagnification
b. eutrophication
c. anaerobic respiration
d. thermal inversion
b. eutrophication
Measure of the total organic and ammonia nitrogen in the
wastewater. It also gives a measure of the availability of nitrogen for
building cells.
a. TKN c. NBOD
b. COD d. none of these
a. TKN
Involves the accumulation of trace metals through each species of
the food chain.
a. biomagnification c. anaerobic respiration
b. denitrification d. eutrophication
a. biomagnification
A trace metal which causes Itai-itai diseases is
a. cadmium
b. silver
c. mercury
d. chromium
a. cadmium
Mercury causes this type of diseases
minimata diseases
It is the sum of all titratable bases to a pH approximately 4.5.
Alkalinity
– sum of all polyvalent cations especially calcium and magnesium (in consistent units).
Total hardness
– sum of all polyvalent cations especially calcium and magnesium (in consistent units).
Total hardness
Hardness of water is usually expressed in parts per million of
a. MgSO4
b. CaCO3
c. Na2CO3
d. CaCl2
b. CaCO3
Type of wastewater treatment that employs physical and chemical
treatment methods to remove or reduce a high percentage of suspended solids and toxic materials.
a. Primary Treatment
b. Secondary Treatment
c. Tertiary Treatment
d. Minor Treatment
a. Primary Treatment
Hard water can be softened by
a. letting the calcium or magnesium ions settle out
b. passing it through an ion exchanger
c. chlorination
d. filtration
b. passing it through an ion exchanger
Removal of all settleable particles rendered settleable under the
influence of gravity, basically the theory of gravity under the influence
of which all particles heavier than water tend to settle down.
a. screening
b. flotation
c. sedimentation
d. flocculation
c. sedimentation
In facultative stabilization pond, the sewage is treated by
a. aerobical bacteria c. algae
b. anaerobic bacteria d. both (a) and (b)
d. both (a) and (b)
Process whereby coarse matter (suspended or floating) of a certain
size can be strained out of flowing water with the aid of bars, fines
wires or rocks.
a. screening c. flotation
b. sedimentation d. flocculation
a. screening
Water treatment that destroys disease-causing bacteria, nuisance
bacteria, parasites and other organisms and removes soluble irons,
manganese and hydrogen sulfide from water.
a. disinfection c. chlorination
b. flocculation d. coagulation
c. chlorination
A code for plastics used for food wrapping, trash bags, grocery bags
and baby diapers.
a. 2 c. 4
b. 3 d. 5
c. 4
It is the international salute that is currently the primary basis of the
Philippines in its latest environmental dispute with Canada.
a. Kyoto Protocol
b. Basel Convention
c. Copenhagen Talks
d. Montreal Protocol
b. Basel Convention
Kyoto Protocol
regulate greenhouse emissions
Montreal protocol
diminish and eventuallyphase out CFCs
Stockholm convention
protect human health and the vironment from Persistent Organic Pollutants
Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
RA 6969
Ecological Solid Waste management act
RA 9003
Clean Air act of the Philippines
RA 8749
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
RA 9275
“Smokey Mountain” is a typical example of a facility for solid waste.
It is classified as
a. open dumping site
b. sanitary landfill
c. transfer station
d. material recovery facility
a. open dumping site
A global treaty that aims to diminish and eventually phase out
chlorofluorocarbons.
a. Stockholm Convention
b. Kyoto Protocol
c. Montreal Protocol
d. none of these
c. Montreal Protocol
Collective term for the initial POPs identified by the Stockholm
Convention
a. Dirty 12 c. Dirty Dozens
b. 12 POPs d. EDCs
c. Dirty Dozens
It is an odorless and colorless gas that is lethal to humans with
exposure as short as a few minutes to concentrations exceeding
5000 ppm. It reacts with hemoglobin in the blood rendering the latter
incapable of carrying oxygen to the body.
a. carbon monoxide c. sulfur dioxide
b. hydrogen supplied d. sulfur trioxide
a. carbon monoxide
Pick out the wrong statement.
a. The concentric atmosphere layer just above troposphere is called
stratosphere, which is rich in ozone.
b. Mesosphere is characterized by very low atmosphere pressure
and low temperature.
c. Troposphere is a dusty zone containing water vapor and clouds.
d. The radio waves used in the long-distance radio communication
are reflected to earth by stratosphere
. The radio waves used in the long-distance radio communication
are reflected to earth by stratosphere.
The rate at which temperature in the atmosphere changes with
altitude is called
a. temperature change c. lapse rate
b. thermal rate d. vertical rate
c. lapse rate
Which biogeochemical cycle has bacteria living in a symbiotic
relationship with the roots of legumes?
a. oxygen c. nitrogen
b. carbon d. phosphorous
c. nitrogen
. By which process is carbon dioxide released from plants back into
the atmosphere?
a. evaporation c. photosynthesis
b. respiration d. phosphorylation
b. respiration
Molecular formula of chlorophyll
C55H72MgN4O5
empirical formula of oligonucleotide (Human DNA)
C39 H50 O22 N15 P3
Polymer used in bullet proof vest
linear polyethylene
polyacrylonitrile
polycarbonate
polymethyl acrylate
linear polyethylene
it is used for bullet proof vest
linear polyethylene
It is used for bullet proof windows
polycarbonate
common material of construction for radiation protection
Plexiglass/polymethacrylate fiber
What is the name of a laboratory method used for obtaining the acutal molecular formula of a compound?
Plantinichloride method
