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Chemical Engineering Principles-MCDG > DAY 1 GENERAL ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

DAY 1 GENERAL ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

Who invented the original version of a barometer, which is described as aninverted tube with mercury sealed at the upper end?

A

Evangelista Torricelli

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2
Q

Meaning of Au

A

Aurum

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3
Q

Meaning of Fe

A

Ferrum

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4
Q

Meaning of Na

A

Natrium

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5
Q

International authority in units

A

International System of Units (SI)

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6
Q

what is moon’s gravity relative to the earth’s gravity

A

g(moon)=1/6 g(earth)

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7
Q

It is produced in the fermentation of bread, when evaporated it causes a fragrant aroma.

A

Ethanol

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8
Q

What is a Solder?

A

It is an alloy made of tin and lead.
Used in the construction of electronic circuits.

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9
Q

Chemical element with lowest boiling point
… with highest boiling point

A

Helium
Tungsten

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10
Q

Only metal that is liquid at room temperature

A

Mercury

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11
Q

It is a liquid organic compound that is
used as an antifreeze in car radiators.

A

Ethylene glycol

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12
Q

Densest and heaviest element

A

Osmium

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13
Q

the principal ore of copper (Cu)

A

Chalcopyrite CuFeS2

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14
Q

this philosopher expressed the belief that all matter consist of tiny indivisible particle called

A

Atomos (indivisible, uncuttable)

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15
Q

he formulated the precise definition of atoms

A

John Dalton

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16
Q

who formulated the law of definite proportion

A

Joseph Proust

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17
Q

He discovered electron through the Cathode Ray experiment

A

JJ Thomson

The cathode ray was attracted to the plate bearing positive charges and repelled the plate that bears negative charges.

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18
Q

The first person to isolate sugar from grapes

A

Joseph Proust

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19
Q

The charge of an electron was __ and is founded by

A

-1.6x10^-19, RA Millikan

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20
Q

German physicist who discovered X-rays

A

Wilhelm Rontgen

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21
Q

French physicist who discovered radioactivity in uranium

A

Antoine Henri Becquerrel

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22
Q

Atomic dimension is expressed in terms of

A

Angstrom
1 Angstrom = 100 pm

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23
Q

He discovered neutron

A

James Chadwick

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24
Q

Allotrope of carbon [by definition two or more distinct forms of an experiment]

A

Diamond, graphite, C-60

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25
Q

A substance known as blood sugar

A

glucose

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26
Q

it is also known as laughing gas

A

nitrous oxide N2O

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27
Q

how do you represent mercury I?

A

Hg2 2+ (diatomic)

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28
Q

Give the formula of the following monoatomic atoms:

carbide
silicide
nitride
phosphide
oxide
sulfide
selenide
telluride

A

C4-
S4-
N3-
P3-
O2-
S2-
Se2-
Te2-

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29
Q

It is a theory which believes that organic compounds only come fomr organic raw materials. This was then debunked by Wohler’s synthesis

A

theory of vitalism

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30
Q

Wohler synthesis was named after this german chemist

A

Friedrich wohler

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31
Q

raw material of Wohler synthesis and its product?

A

ammonium cyanate (inorganic compoud) —-> Urea (organic compound)

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32
Q

He pioneered organic synthesis from inorganic raw materials. he was known for synthesizing carbon dioxdide from carbon disulfide

A

HERMANN KOLBE

CS2 –> CO2

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33
Q

He coined the term isomers/ isomerism

A

Jons Jacob Berzelius

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34
Q

he introduced the resonance structure

A

Linus Pauling

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35
Q

benzene’s structure was discovered by

A

August kekule

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36
Q

According to this scientist, the movement of electron is the driving force of a chemical reaction.

A

Robert Robinson

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37
Q

the stability of organic compounds is based on these things, what are they and what are their relationship with stability

A
  1. no. of carbon atoms (inversely proportional to the stability)
  2. branching (more stable: more branching)
  3. spatial arrangement (trans more stable than cis)
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38
Q

saturated fats vs unsaturated fats

A

saturated fats–what we should avoid
unsaturated fats-what we should consume (Omega 3 fatty acids)

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39
Q

three basic omega-3 fatty acids

A

EPA–eicosapentanoic acid
DHA–docosahexanoic acid
ALA–alpha linolenic acid

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40
Q

difference between E and Z Conformation

A

Z (Zusammen) : together (Z-T)
E (Entgegen): opposite

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41
Q

He discovered the peroxide effect

A

Morris Kharasch

this basically states that when peroxide is present in the addition of HBr to the alkene, it will be add up according to Anti-markovnikov’s

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42
Q

Aside from inroducing the resonance structure, he also introduced the concept of hybridization

A

Linus Pauling

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43
Q

He proposed the idea of correlating molecular geometry and valence electron pair, which later became Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)

A

Ronald Nyholm

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44
Q

He came from the idea that the geometry of a molecul depends on the elctron group surrounding it.

A

Ryutan Tsuchida

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45
Q

Resonance vs Lewis Structure

A

Resonance: delocalization of electrons; electrons are dynamic; they rearrange themselves to achieve a stable arrangement

lewis sturcture: localization of electrons; electrons are fixed. they only belong to the atoms that shared them or that the lone pairs only owns the its unshared electrons

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46
Q

It is the ACTUAL structure of a molecule; it is the combination of contributing structure;

the accepted or true structure of a molecule

A

resonance hybrid

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47
Q

Give the common names of the following compounds:

N2O
CaCO3
CaO
Ca(OH)2
NaHCO3
Na2CO3 10H2O
MgSO4-7H2O
Mg(OH)2
CaSO4 2H2O

A

N2O Laughing gas
CaCO3 Marble, chalk, limestone
CaO Quicklime Calcium oxide
Ca(OH)2 Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide
NaHCO3 Baking soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Na2CO3 10H2O Washing soda Sodium carbonate decahydrate
MgSO4 7H2O Epsom salt Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Mg(OH)2 Milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide
CaSO4 2H2O Gypsum

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48
Q

It states that Atoms of constituent elements in a particular compound are always combined in the same proportions by mass

A

law of definite proportions

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49
Q

it states that
When two elements can combine to
form more than one type of compound, the masses of one element that combine with a
fixed mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers

A

law of multiple proportions

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49
Q

it states that
When two elements can combine to
form more than one type of compound, the masses of one element that combine with a
fixed mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers

A

law of multiple proportions

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50
Q

most abundant element in the earth’s crust

A

oxygen

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51
Q

hydrogenation catalysts and common solvents

A

Pt, Pd, Ni, Rh
etoh, hexane and HAc

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52
Q

what is the difference between regioselectivity and stereoselectivity?

A

regioselectivity: where will the atom or molecule bond?

stereoselectivity: how is their arrangement in space, is it syn or anti or cis or trans?

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53
Q

He established the Markovnikov’s rule that is followed by alkenes when hydrogen halide is added into them.

A

Vladimir Markovnikov

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54
Q

He was the one who produced the synthetic reaction of hydroboration-oxidation

A

herbert brown

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55
Q

How to calculate the degree of unsaturation and what are the rules that we need to follow?

A

DoU= [Hmax- Hact] / 2

where: for every halogen add 1 to the Hact
For every nitrogen subtract one from the Hact

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56
Q

how do you compare the properties of molecules in cis or trans?

A

use the intermolecular forces present in them

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57
Q

What makes the aluminum used in in-can sodas do not corrode?

A

aluminum metals react with oxygen forming Al2O3, this compound prevents the further reaction of oxygen with Al. Thus, avoiding corrosion.

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58
Q

1 lightyear is equivalent to how many m

A

1 lightyear = 9.46 x10^15 m

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59
Q

It is a substance that when dissolved in water, the resulting solution can conduct electricity

A

eletrolyte

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60
Q

Water becomes hard water when it contains these ions. When water is free from these ions, it becomes soft water. what are these?

A

Ca2+ Mg2+

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61
Q

what are the storng acids and bases?

A

perchloric acid lithium hydroxide
hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide
hydrobromic acid Potassium hydroxide
hydroiodic acid calcium hydroxide
nitric acid strontium hydroxide
sulfuric acid barium hydroxide

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62
Q

Molecular formula of KHP

A

KHC8H4O4

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63
Q

Dilute wine was used as a thermometric liquid initially to develop temperature scale. First emperical temperature scale developed was the __________ scale.
Kelvin
Centigrade
Fahrenheit
Reaumer

A

Fahrenheit

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64
Q

this reaction is used for the industrial synthesis of symmetical alkanes, wherein, Alkyl halide is reacted with metallic sodium in the presence of dry ether to produce the alkane

A

Wurtz Synthesis

65
Q

The product of adding X2(Br2 or Cl2) in H2O to an alkene

A

vicinal halohydrin (anti)

66
Q

What is the purpose of lindlar catalyst?

A

It is used in the hydrogenation of alkyne to alkene (forced trans orientation)

67
Q

What is the product of adding 2HX to an alkyne

A

alkyne: geminal dihalide (attached to the same carbon atom)
alkene: vicinal (magkahiwala)

68
Q

It is the synthesis of assymetrical ethers

A

Williamson synthesis

69
Q

Reagents used for prepartion of symmetrical ethers

A

hot H2SO4

70
Q

Reagents used for Williamson synthesis

A

Na, K, NaH

71
Q

Reagent required for Friedel-Crafts Acylation

A

AlCl3

72
Q

forms when one alcohol reacts with aldehyde or ketone

A

hemiacetal or hemiketal

73
Q

forms when two alcohols react with an aldehyde

A

acetal

74
Q

the product when aldehyde/ketone + HCN

A

cyanohydrin (OH and CN)

75
Q

Clean water act

A

RA 9725

76
Q

Revised Water Usage and Classifications Water Quality Criteria

A

DAO 34-1990

77
Q

Revised Effluent Regulations

A

DAO 35-1990

78
Q

It is known as water quality guidelines and general effluent standards of 2016

A

DAO 2016-2008

79
Q

concentration of salt in fresh water and marine water

A

fresh water: <500 ppm
marine water: < 30 ppt

80
Q

Water body classification and usage of FRESH water
CLASS AA
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
CLASS D

A

CLASS AA (Public water supply class I) : Drinking but only requires disinfection
CLASS A (Public water supply class II) : drinking but requires convetional treatment
CLASS B (recreational class I: direct contact)
CLASS C: indirect contact (recreational water class II, irrigation, livestock, fish ponds)
CLASS D: navigable water bodies

81
Q

water body classification and usage of marine water
SA
SB
SC
SD

A

CLASS SA:
a. protected water (sanctuaries, reserves)
b. fishery water class I (harvesting of shellfish for direct human consumption)
CLASS SB:
a. fishery water class II: commercial propagation of shellfish, spawning of bangus
b. tourist water
c. recreational water class I: primary contact
CLASS SC:
a. fishery water class III: commercial and sustenance fishing
b. Recreational water class II: indirect contact
c. mangroves
CLASS SD: navigable water

82
Q

Class of water intended for primary contact reacreation such as for bathing and skin diving.

A

Class B

83
Q

compounds that cause fishy smell

A

amines

84
Q

compounds that cause decayed fish smell

A

diamines

85
Q

ammonical odor of wastewater

A

ammonia

86
Q

gas responsible for the rotten egg odor of wastewater

A

hydrogen sulfide

87
Q

causes skunk odor of wastewater

A

mercaptans

88
Q

rotten cabbage odor of wastewater is caused by

A

organic sulfide

89
Q

fecal odor of wastewater is caused by

A

skatole

90
Q

Useless or discarded material resulting from normal community activities

A

waste

91
Q

It refers to any alteration in the physical, chemical or biological properties of the environment (air, water and land) which adversely affects its aesthetic quality and/or beneficial use.

A

environmental pollution

92
Q

it comes from SEPTIC decomposition of waste and is due to the presence of gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and etc

A

odor

93
Q

It is the general indication of the age of the sewage

A

color
grayish: fresh
black: septic

94
Q

How does the temperature affect the dissolved oxygen in water?

A

as the temperature increase, DO decreases. because the solubility of oxygen gas decreases as the temperarure increases.

it also increases the rate at which the oxygen-consuming microbes attack organic waste (?)

95
Q

It is the measure of water’s resistance to the passage of light through it

A

turbidity

96
Q

Turbidity of clear lake

A

25 JTU

97
Q

TURBIDITY OF MUDDY WATER

A

> 100 JTU

98
Q

equipment used to measure turbidity

A

Secchi disk depth
Jackson Turbidimeter

99
Q

1 JTU is equivalent to

A

1 mg/L SILICA in water

100
Q

Sodium ions contribute to which characteristics of the water
A.pH
b. Color
c. hardness
d. total dissolved solids

A

TDS

101
Q

total solids in water are due to the presence of

A

TDS AND TSS

102
Q

the actual quantity of free oxygen present in water

A

Dissolved Oxygen

103
Q

The measure of the amount of oxygen needed to completely oxidize an organic matter whose chemical formula is known

A

Theoretical Oxygen demand

104
Q

The theoretical oxygen demand is based on what condition?

A

STP

105
Q

Dissolved oxygen in water is reduced dring
a. winter
b. summer
c. spring
d. autumn

A

summer

106
Q

The color of wastewater containing little to no dissolved oxygen

a. gray
b. black
c. brown
d. reddish brown

A

black

107
Q

Conditions at which BOD is measured

A

5 days
20 deg C
pH =7

108
Q

T or F: BOD bottle shouldnt be exposed to light and should be stoppered. WHY

A

T
1. aLGAE MAY BE PRESENT AND PRODUCE OXYGEN

109
Q

T or F: the COD is always lesser than the BOD5 and BOD20

A

F| almost ALWAYS LARGER

110
Q

It is the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize organics utilizes strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 in acid media

A

Chemical Oxygen Demand

111
Q

If 5g of methane gas is burned at constant
pressure, determine the heat released in kJ if the change in entropy that accompanied the reaction
is -890kJ.
a. -360.00K
b. -250.01K
c. -278.12K
d. -192.00K

A

c. -278.12K

112
Q

The standard molar enthalpy change is -905kJ for the oxidation of
ammonia, 4NH3(g)+5O2→4NO(g)+6H2O(g). Analyze and calculate the
standard molar enthalpy of formation for ammonia based on the
following standard enthalpies of formation:
HF[NO(g)]=+90kJ/mol; and HF[H2O(g)]=-240kJ/mol
a. -227kJ/mol
b. -500kJ/mol
c. -406kJ/mol
d. -692kJ/mol

A

a. -227kJ/mol

113
Q

what is the CP of ice and water?

A

0.5 cal/gK, 1 cal/g-K respectively

114
Q

Delta Hvap
Delta fus of water

A

delta Hvap= 540 cal/g
delta Hfus= 90 cal/g

115
Q

What is the minimum work in BTU required to
produce 20lb of ice from water at 32˚F if the
surrounding air is 85˚F and the latent heat of
fusion of ice is 143.4BTU/lb?
a. 300
b. 310
c. 320
d. 330

A

310 BTU

116
Q

it is a method of determining molecular weight which uses a bulb that is first filled with gas then with water in order to analytically determine the weight of the gas and the volume of the bulb respectively.

A

Regnault Method

117
Q

basic components of fertilizer, serves as
nutrients for microbial growth in particular algae.

A

Nitrogen and phosphorus

118
Q

cause hardness in water and formation
of scales and deposits on pipelines and fittings if used in industry.

A

Ca2+ and Mg2+

119
Q

refers to the heavy metals which are toxic even in SMALL CONCENTRATIONS

A

trace metals

120
Q

Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of wastewater?
a. odor c. color
b. turbidity d. hardness

A

d. hardness

121
Q

It is the phenomenon that results in the overabundance of algae
growth in bodies of water. It is also the natural process of nutrient
enrichment that occurs over time in a body of water.
a. biomagnification
b. eutrophication
c. anaerobic respiration
d. thermal inversion

A

b. eutrophication

122
Q

Measure of the total organic and ammonia nitrogen in the
wastewater. It also gives a measure of the availability of nitrogen for
building cells.
a. TKN c. NBOD
b. COD d. none of these

A

a. TKN

123
Q

Involves the accumulation of trace metals through each species of
the food chain.
a. biomagnification c. anaerobic respiration
b. denitrification d. eutrophication

A

a. biomagnification

124
Q

A trace metal which causes Itai-itai diseases is
a. cadmium
b. silver
c. mercury
d. chromium

A

a. cadmium

125
Q

Mercury causes this type of diseases

A

minimata diseases

126
Q

It is the sum of all titratable bases to a pH approximately 4.5.

A

Alkalinity

127
Q

– sum of all polyvalent cations especially calcium and magnesium (in consistent units).

A

Total hardness

128
Q

– sum of all polyvalent cations especially calcium and magnesium (in consistent units).

A

Total hardness

129
Q

Hardness of water is usually expressed in parts per million of
a. MgSO4
b. CaCO3
c. Na2CO3
d. CaCl2

A

b. CaCO3

130
Q

Type of wastewater treatment that employs physical and chemical
treatment methods to remove or reduce a high percentage of suspended solids and toxic materials.
a. Primary Treatment
b. Secondary Treatment
c. Tertiary Treatment
d. Minor Treatment

A

a. Primary Treatment

131
Q

Hard water can be softened by
a. letting the calcium or magnesium ions settle out
b. passing it through an ion exchanger
c. chlorination
d. filtration

A

b. passing it through an ion exchanger

132
Q

Removal of all settleable particles rendered settleable under the
influence of gravity, basically the theory of gravity under the influence
of which all particles heavier than water tend to settle down.
a. screening
b. flotation
c. sedimentation
d. flocculation

A

c. sedimentation

133
Q

In facultative stabilization pond, the sewage is treated by
a. aerobical bacteria c. algae
b. anaerobic bacteria d. both (a) and (b)

A

d. both (a) and (b)

134
Q

Process whereby coarse matter (suspended or floating) of a certain
size can be strained out of flowing water with the aid of bars, fines
wires or rocks.
a. screening c. flotation
b. sedimentation d. flocculation

A

a. screening

135
Q

Water treatment that destroys disease-causing bacteria, nuisance
bacteria, parasites and other organisms and removes soluble irons,
manganese and hydrogen sulfide from water.
a. disinfection c. chlorination
b. flocculation d. coagulation

A

c. chlorination

136
Q

A code for plastics used for food wrapping, trash bags, grocery bags
and baby diapers.
a. 2 c. 4
b. 3 d. 5

A

c. 4

137
Q

It is the international salute that is currently the primary basis of the
Philippines in its latest environmental dispute with Canada.
a. Kyoto Protocol
b. Basel Convention
c. Copenhagen Talks
d. Montreal Protocol

A

b. Basel Convention

138
Q

Kyoto Protocol

A

regulate greenhouse emissions

139
Q

Montreal protocol

A

diminish and eventuallyphase out CFCs

140
Q

Stockholm convention

A

protect human health and the vironment from Persistent Organic Pollutants

141
Q

Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990

A

RA 6969

142
Q

Ecological Solid Waste management act

A

RA 9003

143
Q

Clean Air act of the Philippines

A

RA 8749

144
Q

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

A

RA 9275

145
Q

“Smokey Mountain” is a typical example of a facility for solid waste.
It is classified as
a. open dumping site
b. sanitary landfill
c. transfer station
d. material recovery facility

A

a. open dumping site

146
Q

A global treaty that aims to diminish and eventually phase out
chlorofluorocarbons.
a. Stockholm Convention
b. Kyoto Protocol
c. Montreal Protocol
d. none of these

A

c. Montreal Protocol

147
Q

Collective term for the initial POPs identified by the Stockholm
Convention
a. Dirty 12 c. Dirty Dozens
b. 12 POPs d. EDCs

A

c. Dirty Dozens

148
Q

It is an odorless and colorless gas that is lethal to humans with
exposure as short as a few minutes to concentrations exceeding
5000 ppm. It reacts with hemoglobin in the blood rendering the latter
incapable of carrying oxygen to the body.
a. carbon monoxide c. sulfur dioxide
b. hydrogen supplied d. sulfur trioxide

A

a. carbon monoxide

149
Q

Pick out the wrong statement.
a. The concentric atmosphere layer just above troposphere is called
stratosphere, which is rich in ozone.
b. Mesosphere is characterized by very low atmosphere pressure
and low temperature.
c. Troposphere is a dusty zone containing water vapor and clouds.
d. The radio waves used in the long-distance radio communication
are reflected to earth by stratosphere

A

. The radio waves used in the long-distance radio communication
are reflected to earth by stratosphere.

150
Q

The rate at which temperature in the atmosphere changes with
altitude is called
a. temperature change c. lapse rate
b. thermal rate d. vertical rate

A

c. lapse rate

151
Q

Which biogeochemical cycle has bacteria living in a symbiotic
relationship with the roots of legumes?
a. oxygen c. nitrogen
b. carbon d. phosphorous

A

c. nitrogen

152
Q

. By which process is carbon dioxide released from plants back into
the atmosphere?
a. evaporation c. photosynthesis
b. respiration d. phosphorylation

A

b. respiration

153
Q

Molecular formula of chlorophyll

A

C55H72MgN4O5

154
Q

empirical formula of oligonucleotide (Human DNA)

A

C39 H50 O22 N15 P3

155
Q

Polymer used in bullet proof vest

linear polyethylene
polyacrylonitrile
polycarbonate
polymethyl acrylate

A

linear polyethylene

156
Q

it is used for bullet proof vest

A

linear polyethylene

157
Q

It is used for bullet proof windows

A

polycarbonate

158
Q

common material of construction for radiation protection

A

Plexiglass/polymethacrylate fiber

159
Q

What is the name of a laboratory method used for obtaining the acutal molecular formula of a compound?

A

Plantinichloride method

Chemical Engineering Principles-MCDG (5 decks)

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