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Pharm 410: Fundamentals of Drug Action and Metabolism > Day 1: Chem Review > Flashcards

Day 1: Chem Review Flashcards

1
Q
A

Hydrocarbons

Non-polar

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2
Q
A

Ethers

Moderately polar

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3
Q
A

Alkyl Halides

Moderately Polar

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4
Q
A

Esters

Moderately Polar

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5
Q
A

Aldehydes, Keytones

Moderately Polar

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6
Q
A

Amides

Moderately Polar

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7
Q
A

Amines

Very polar

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8
Q
A

Carboxylic acid

Very polar

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9
Q

R-OH

A

Alcohols

Moderately Polar

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10
Q
A

Methyl

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11
Q
A

Ethyl

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12
Q
A

Propyl

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13
Q
A

Butyl

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14
Q
A

Pentyl

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15
Q
A

Hexyl

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16
Q
A

Heptyl

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17
Q
A

Octyl

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18
Q
A

Formyl

Acyl Group

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19
Q
A

Acetyl

Acyl group

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20
Q
A

Propionyl

Acyl Group

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21
Q
A

Palmitoyl

Acyl group

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22
Q
A

Alkoxy (R=methy, ethyl, etc)

Common substiuent

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23
Q
A

Phenoxy

Common substituent

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24
Q
A

Thiol (mercapto)

Common Substituent

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25
Q

What is a Hetrocyclic ring?

A

A ring stucture that contains more than one type of atom at one of the vertices in the ring. (this “other” atom is referred to as the “heteroatom”) Most common heteroatoms are: oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

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26
Q

What are the Heteroatom prefixes and order of priority?

A

O (II) oxa

S (II) thia

N (III) aza

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27
Q
A

Pyrrole

Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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28
Q
A

Imidazole

heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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29
Q
A

Furan

Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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30
Q
A

Thiophene

Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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31
Q
A

Oxazole

Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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32
Q
A

Pyridine

Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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33
Q
A

Pyrimidine

Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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34
Q
A

Piperidine

Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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35
Q
A

4H-pyran

Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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36
Q
A

1,4 dioxane

Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

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37
Q
A

Indole

Bicyclic ring system

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38
Q
A

Benzimidazole

Bicyclic ring System

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39
Q
A

Purine

Bicyclic ring system

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40
Q
A

Benzoxazole

bicyclic ring system

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41
Q
A

1H- 1,4 benzodiazepine

bicyclic ring system

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42
Q
A

Naphthalene

Bicyclic ring system

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43
Q

What does the pharse “like dissolves like” refer to?

A

Mostly the polarity; depedning on whether a compound a is water soluble or lipid soluble you can expect differences in if, where, and how fast it is absorded or distrupited

44
Q

What is a solutes?

A

Anything that dissolves

45
Q

What typically happens to a solutes which is more apolar or hydrophobic?

A

It will more easily pass thro biological membranes (composed of a lipid bilayer) but the less easily it will dissolve in aqueous solution.

** may also tend to deposit in fatty tissue (like dissolves like)

46
Q

What typically happens to a hydrophilic or water soluble drug?

A

Will dissolve more easily but may have difficulty passing thro lipid membranes

47
Q

What is something that is hydrophobic

A

tending to repel or fail to mix with water.

48
Q

What is apolar?

A

having no electrical polarity

49
Q

Lipophilic

A

tending to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats

50
Q

Lipid soluble

A

refers to the capability of a substance or compound to dissolve in lipids, fats, or oils, lipids

51
Q

fat soluble

A

A vitamin that can dissolve in fats and oils. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats in the diet and can be stored in the body’s fatty tissue. They come from plant and animal foods or dietary supplements. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble

52
Q

Hydrophilic

A

having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water

53
Q

Polar

A

A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically.

54
Q

Water soluble

A

able to be dissolved in water

55
Q

What does Opposites Attract mean?

A

Applies to charges and partial charges. Positive and negative charges attract each other.

EX: water is a polar solvent with a permanent dipole. Postive charges will be attracted to the electronegative oxygen atom of water while negative charges will move towards the more electopostive hydrogen atoms

56
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Intermolecular force

Found in virtually all molecules; weakest type of interaction.

As atoms apporach each other they induce temporary dipoles in each other resulting in induced sipode-indiced dipole interactions

57
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Intermolecular force

Very specific; only occur between certain atom types

its formed between a hydrogen atom which is attached to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom

Drugs which are capable of hydrogen bonding are much more likely to be soluble in water

58
Q

Ion Pair interactions

A

In biological system, free ions are well hydrated (surrounded by water). Consequently, in solution, ion pair interactions are on the order of 5 kcal/mol

59
Q

Hydrophobic Interactions

A

Association of non-polar groups with each other in aqueous solution.

Dominate force in protein folding and plays a role in three dimensional structure of proteins.

An entropic effect: wants to get away from water, and get together with other hydrophobic things

Importance of hydrophobic interactions is seen in many areas including stabilizing drug-protein binding, drug receptor interactions as well as stabilizing protein structure

60
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Comes from ‘carbon hydrate’ since many of them have chemical formula (CH2O)n

most abundant organic compounds found in nature and represent the major dietary component

61
Q

What are Carbohydrate monomers?

A

Sugars - monosaccharides (e.g. glucose)

62
Q

What are Carbohydrate oligomers?

A

Disaccharides (sucrose = fructose-glucose)

63
Q

What are the carbohydrate polymers?

A

Glycogen: storage in animal cells (mostly muscle and liver)

Starch: dietary carbohydrate component can be digested

Fiber: dietary carbohydrate component can NOT be digested

64
Q

What is the carbohydrates main function?

A

Used as fuel in metabolism; glucose is burned to generate energy for cells.

By products: CO2 and H2O but the point is it creates ATP

Glycogen is stored in the liver (80 g) and in muscle (150 g) as reserve of glucose

65
Q

What are lipids?

A

Compounds that are insoluble in water. Most are found as triglycerides and these are stored in adipose tissue for use as fuel. Can be oxidized to produce energy and are a major source of fuel, secondary to carbs

In starvation, triglycerides become the predominant source of oxidative fuel

66
Q

What are lipids as a dietary component?

A

Fatty acids are not all alike.

Some fatty acids are essential in the diet (polyunsaturated FA) whereas other are unhealthy (trans fatty acids)

67
Q
A

Saturated Fatty acid

healthy; doesnt kink and allows for better absorption

68
Q
A

Unsaturated fatty acid

Unhealthy; has kinks are is not absorbed

the highlighted red at 6 means it it an omega-6 fatty acid

69
Q

What are proteins?

A

Third major dietary component which plays minor role in terms of fuel metabolism.

Functions: primarily functional; serve as enzymes, receptors, hormones, muscle fibers.

No major storage form

70
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

NOT a major dietary component and are not used in fuel. Mostly as storage molecules of info.

71
Q

What are Monomers?

A

Nucleotides (sugar + base+ phosphate)

also serve as co-factors and signaling molecules

72
Q

What is a steroid?

A

They are very hydrophobic

Major dietry steroid is cholesterol; which plays a role in cell membranes and is used in the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids

73
Q
A

Steroid chem structure

74
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Compounds required in small amounts in order to maintain proper functioning of cells

Can not be synthesized from other dietary raw mats or their metabolites

75
Q

What are the two classes of vitamins?

A

Water soluble (B, C viamins)

Lipid Soluble ( A,D,E and K)

usually modified from their original form to their active form in the body

the active form, they play an essential role as coenzymes in a variety of reactions

76
Q

what are Inorganic minerals ?

A

Simplest class

Monovalent or bivalent cations or anions that play a role physiological actions.

cations: (Na+, K+, Ca++) and anion (Cl-) play a role as electrolytes

77
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Ions that are used as charges to modulaye tje electrostatic potential of membranes whihc controls the firing of neurons and action of muscle.

78
Q

What does Ca++ and Mg++ do withing the body?

A

Ca++ role in cell signaling

Mg++ as a catalysit in a variety of enzymes and plays a key structural role in stablizing DNA

79
Q

What does Bicarbonate do?

A

Plays a critical role in buffering and maintenance of physiological pH.

80
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Na+

A

140mEq/L

14 mEq/L

81
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of K+

A

4 mEq/L

140 mEq/L

82
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Ca++

A

3 mEq/L

<1 mEq/L

83
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Mg++

A

2 mEq/L

40 mEq/L

84
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Cl-

A

105 mEq/L

4 mEq/L

85
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of HCO3-

A

24 mEq/L

10 mEq/L

86
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Phosphates

A

4 mEq/L

75 mEq/L

87
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Amino acids

A

30mg/dL

200 mg/dL

88
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Proteins

A

5 mEq/L

40 mEq/L

89
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Glucose

A

90 mg/dL

90
Q

Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of pH

A

7.4 is plasma

91
Q

Ranges for serum/blood test of Na

A

136-145 mEq/L

92
Q

Ranges for serum/blood test of K

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

93
Q

Ranges for serum/blood test of Cl

A

96-106 mEq/L

94
Q

Ranges for serum/blood test of HCO3 (bicarbonate) venous

A

24-30 mEq/L

95
Q

Ranges for serum/blood test of Mg

A

1.5-2.2 mEq/dL

96
Q

Ranges for serum/blood test of Ca

A

8.5-10.8 mg/dL

97
Q

Ranges for serum/blood test of Glucose

A

70-110 mg/dL

98
Q

Ranges for serum/blood test of Phosphorus/PO4

A

2.6-4.5 mg/dL

99
Q

What are the polymeric macromolecules?

A

Carbs

Proteins

Nucleic acids

100
Q

What are the major dietary components?

A

Carbs

Lipids

Proteins

101
Q

What does it mean to be polymeric?

A

You can form chains; in theroy they could be endless

Proteins = long strings of amino acids

carb = glycogen = lots of strings of glucose together

102
Q

What are the chemical / structural terms?

A

Steroid

peptide

catecholamine

protein

amino acid

fatty acid

ion

103
Q

What are the functional terms?

A

Hormone

neurotransmitter

enzyme

receptor

channel

pump

ligand

electrolyte

104
Q

Where do we get our steroids from?

A

Cholesterol and gives us our sex hormones as well as a digestive aid from giving bile acids/salts

Bile salts: is slightly water liking, so in stomach it brings together fats and takes them to the enzymes which will break them down

105
Q

What are the things we need to know for the fluid

A

Na

K

Ca

Mg

Cl

HCO3

Phosphates

amino acids

Proteins

Glucose

pH

Pharm 410: Fundamentals of Drug Action and Metabolism (8 decks)

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