Day 1: Chem Review Flashcards
Hydrocarbons
Non-polar
Ethers
Moderately polar
Alkyl Halides
Moderately Polar
Esters
Moderately Polar
Aldehydes, Keytones
Moderately Polar
Amides
Moderately Polar
Amines
Very polar
Carboxylic acid
Very polar
R-OH
Alcohols
Moderately Polar
Methyl
Ethyl
Propyl
Butyl
Pentyl
Hexyl
Heptyl
Octyl
Formyl
Acyl Group
Acetyl
Acyl group
Propionyl
Acyl Group
Palmitoyl
Acyl group
Alkoxy (R=methy, ethyl, etc)
Common substiuent
Phenoxy
Common substituent
Thiol (mercapto)
Common Substituent
What is a Hetrocyclic ring?
A ring stucture that contains more than one type of atom at one of the vertices in the ring. (this “other” atom is referred to as the “heteroatom”) Most common heteroatoms are: oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
What are the Heteroatom prefixes and order of priority?
O (II) oxa
S (II) thia
N (III) aza
Pyrrole
Heterocyclic ring found in drugs
Imidazole
heterocyclic ring found in drugs
Furan
Heterocyclic ring found in drugs
Thiophene
Heterocyclic ring found in drugs
Oxazole
Heterocyclic ring found in drugs
Pyridine
Heterocyclic ring found in drugs
Pyrimidine
Heterocyclic ring found in drugs
Piperidine
Heterocyclic ring found in drugs
4H-pyran
Heterocyclic ring found in drugs
1,4 dioxane
Heterocyclic ring found in drugs
Indole
Bicyclic ring system
Benzimidazole
Bicyclic ring System
Purine
Bicyclic ring system
Benzoxazole
bicyclic ring system
1H- 1,4 benzodiazepine
bicyclic ring system
Naphthalene
Bicyclic ring system
What does the pharse “like dissolves like” refer to?
Mostly the polarity; depedning on whether a compound a is water soluble or lipid soluble you can expect differences in if, where, and how fast it is absorded or distrupited
What is a solutes?
Anything that dissolves
What typically happens to a solutes which is more apolar or hydrophobic?
It will more easily pass thro biological membranes (composed of a lipid bilayer) but the less easily it will dissolve in aqueous solution.
** may also tend to deposit in fatty tissue (like dissolves like)
What typically happens to a hydrophilic or water soluble drug?
Will dissolve more easily but may have difficulty passing thro lipid membranes
What is something that is hydrophobic
tending to repel or fail to mix with water.
What is apolar?
having no electrical polarity
Lipophilic
tending to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats
Lipid soluble
refers to the capability of a substance or compound to dissolve in lipids, fats, or oils, lipids
fat soluble
A vitamin that can dissolve in fats and oils. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats in the diet and can be stored in the body’s fatty tissue. They come from plant and animal foods or dietary supplements. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble
Hydrophilic
having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
Polar
A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically.
Water soluble
able to be dissolved in water
What does Opposites Attract mean?
Applies to charges and partial charges. Positive and negative charges attract each other.
EX: water is a polar solvent with a permanent dipole. Postive charges will be attracted to the electronegative oxygen atom of water while negative charges will move towards the more electopostive hydrogen atoms
Van der Waals forces
Intermolecular force
Found in virtually all molecules; weakest type of interaction.
As atoms apporach each other they induce temporary dipoles in each other resulting in induced sipode-indiced dipole interactions
Hydrogen bonding
Intermolecular force
Very specific; only occur between certain atom types
its formed between a hydrogen atom which is attached to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom
Drugs which are capable of hydrogen bonding are much more likely to be soluble in water
Ion Pair interactions
In biological system, free ions are well hydrated (surrounded by water). Consequently, in solution, ion pair interactions are on the order of 5 kcal/mol
Hydrophobic Interactions
Association of non-polar groups with each other in aqueous solution.
Dominate force in protein folding and plays a role in three dimensional structure of proteins.
An entropic effect: wants to get away from water, and get together with other hydrophobic things
Importance of hydrophobic interactions is seen in many areas including stabilizing drug-protein binding, drug receptor interactions as well as stabilizing protein structure
Carbohydrates
Comes from ‘carbon hydrate’ since many of them have chemical formula (CH2O)n
most abundant organic compounds found in nature and represent the major dietary component
What are Carbohydrate monomers?
Sugars - monosaccharides (e.g. glucose)
What are Carbohydrate oligomers?
Disaccharides (sucrose = fructose-glucose)
What are the carbohydrate polymers?
Glycogen: storage in animal cells (mostly muscle and liver)
Starch: dietary carbohydrate component can be digested
Fiber: dietary carbohydrate component can NOT be digested
What is the carbohydrates main function?
Used as fuel in metabolism; glucose is burned to generate energy for cells.
By products: CO2 and H2O but the point is it creates ATP
Glycogen is stored in the liver (80 g) and in muscle (150 g) as reserve of glucose
What are lipids?
Compounds that are insoluble in water. Most are found as triglycerides and these are stored in adipose tissue for use as fuel. Can be oxidized to produce energy and are a major source of fuel, secondary to carbs
In starvation, triglycerides become the predominant source of oxidative fuel
What are lipids as a dietary component?
Fatty acids are not all alike.
Some fatty acids are essential in the diet (polyunsaturated FA) whereas other are unhealthy (trans fatty acids)
Saturated Fatty acid
healthy; doesnt kink and allows for better absorption
Unsaturated fatty acid
Unhealthy; has kinks are is not absorbed
the highlighted red at 6 means it it an omega-6 fatty acid
What are proteins?
Third major dietary component which plays minor role in terms of fuel metabolism.
Functions: primarily functional; serve as enzymes, receptors, hormones, muscle fibers.
No major storage form
What are nucleic acids?
NOT a major dietary component and are not used in fuel. Mostly as storage molecules of info.
What are Monomers?
Nucleotides (sugar + base+ phosphate)
also serve as co-factors and signaling molecules
What is a steroid?
They are very hydrophobic
Major dietry steroid is cholesterol; which plays a role in cell membranes and is used in the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids
Steroid chem structure
What are vitamins?
Compounds required in small amounts in order to maintain proper functioning of cells
Can not be synthesized from other dietary raw mats or their metabolites
What are the two classes of vitamins?
Water soluble (B, C viamins)
Lipid Soluble ( A,D,E and K)
usually modified from their original form to their active form in the body
the active form, they play an essential role as coenzymes in a variety of reactions
what are Inorganic minerals ?
Simplest class
Monovalent or bivalent cations or anions that play a role physiological actions.
cations: (Na+, K+, Ca++) and anion (Cl-) play a role as electrolytes
What are electrolytes?
Ions that are used as charges to modulaye tje electrostatic potential of membranes whihc controls the firing of neurons and action of muscle.
What does Ca++ and Mg++ do withing the body?
Ca++ role in cell signaling
Mg++ as a catalysit in a variety of enzymes and plays a key structural role in stablizing DNA
What does Bicarbonate do?
Plays a critical role in buffering and maintenance of physiological pH.
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Na+
140mEq/L
14 mEq/L
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of K+
4 mEq/L
140 mEq/L
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Ca++
3 mEq/L
<1 mEq/L
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Mg++
2 mEq/L
40 mEq/L
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Cl-
105 mEq/L
4 mEq/L
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of HCO3-
24 mEq/L
10 mEq/L
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Phosphates
4 mEq/L
75 mEq/L
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Amino acids
30mg/dL
200 mg/dL
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Proteins
5 mEq/L
40 mEq/L
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of Glucose
90 mg/dL
Extracellular (plasma) / Intercellular fuild concentration of pH
7.4 is plasma
Ranges for serum/blood test of Na
136-145 mEq/L
Ranges for serum/blood test of K
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Ranges for serum/blood test of Cl
96-106 mEq/L
Ranges for serum/blood test of HCO3 (bicarbonate) venous
24-30 mEq/L
Ranges for serum/blood test of Mg
1.5-2.2 mEq/dL
Ranges for serum/blood test of Ca
8.5-10.8 mg/dL
Ranges for serum/blood test of Glucose
70-110 mg/dL
Ranges for serum/blood test of Phosphorus/PO4
2.6-4.5 mg/dL
What are the polymeric macromolecules?
Carbs
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What are the major dietary components?
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
What does it mean to be polymeric?
You can form chains; in theroy they could be endless
Proteins = long strings of amino acids
carb = glycogen = lots of strings of glucose together
What are the chemical / structural terms?
Steroid
peptide
catecholamine
protein
amino acid
fatty acid
ion
What are the functional terms?
Hormone
neurotransmitter
enzyme
receptor
channel
pump
ligand
electrolyte
Where do we get our steroids from?
Cholesterol and gives us our sex hormones as well as a digestive aid from giving bile acids/salts
Bile salts: is slightly water liking, so in stomach it brings together fats and takes them to the enzymes which will break them down
What are the things we need to know for the fluid
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Cl
HCO3
Phosphates
amino acids
Proteins
Glucose
pH
