Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BOC Studying > Day 1 (BB & UA) > Flashcards

Day 1 (BB & UA) Flashcards

1
Q

Antigens

A
  • Gene products expressed on membrane

- Protein, glycoprotein or carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • Gene products expressed on membrane

- Protein, glycoprotein or carbohydrate

A

Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differences between blood groups

A
  • Antigen’s structure and location on RBC

- Antibodies they elicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genes

A
  • Basic units of inheritance that encode for traits/characteristics
  • Found at specific locations (loci) on chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Basic units of inheritance that encode for traits/characteristics
  • Found at specific locations (loci) on chromosomes
A

Genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Different forms of the same gene

A

Alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • Double strands of DNA that carry genetic information

- 23 pairs in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • Double strands of DNA that carry genetic information

- 23 pairs in humans

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gene Transmission

A

Transmitted via mitosis and meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gene inheritance

A

Inherited in a Mendelian fashion (one from each parent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A
  • Antigens on different chromosomes are inherited and expressed independently
  • Genes far apart on a chromosome are inherited independently due to crossing over during mitosis
  • Genes close together are inherited together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Haplotype

A

Genes close together on the same chromosome that are inherited together (linkage disequilibrium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cis genes

A

Genes inherited on the same chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Trans genes

A

Genes inherited on the opposite chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Polymorphic genes

A

Genes that express two or more phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genes close together on the same chromosome that are inherited together (linkage disequilibrium)

A

Haplotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Genes inherited on the same chromosome

A

Cis genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Genes inherited on the opposite chromosomes

A

Trans genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Genes that express two or more phenotypes

A

Polymorphic genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antithetical genes

A
  • Genes that are ‘opposite’

- Can only express one antigen or the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • Genes that are ‘opposite’

- Can only express one antigen or the other

A

Antithetical genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Null phenotype

A

Occurs when a gene is not expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Occurs when a gene is not expressed

A

Null phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Amorphs

A
  • silent genes

- can cause null phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Suppressor genes

A
  • inhibit expression of another gene

- can cause null phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Homozygous inheritance

A

Both inherited alleles are identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Heterozygous inheritance

A

Inherited genes are different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Trait

A

Detectable or observable gene product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Direct exclusion

A

Child has traits that neither parent has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Indirect exclusion

A

Child lacks markers that father should have passed down to all offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Urine color

A
  • Due to urochrome

- Affected by pH and concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Abnormal urine color

A

Indicates disease or ingested substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stable, white foam (urine)

A

Indicates large amount of albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Yellow foam (urine)

A

Increased bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Urine clarity

A

Normal = clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cloudiness of urine

A

Caused by contamination, precipitation of dissolved solutes, X-ray contrast media, cells, clots, bacteria or casts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Normal urine volume

A

600-1800 mL/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased urine volume (> 3L/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased urine volume (

41
Q

Anuria

A

0 mL/day

42
Q

Specific Gravity

A
  • Concentration in terms of density
  • Affected by number of particles and molecular size
  • 1.002-1.040
43
Q

Specific Gravity (testing method)

A
  • Indirect

- Refractometry or strip testing

44
Q

Specific Gravity strip test principle

A

pH change in response to number of ions present in urine

45
Q

Specific gravity indication

A

Measures concentrating and diluting ability of the kidneys

46
Q

Specific gravity interferences (strip)

A
  • False decrease: high glucose and urea, pH > 6.5

- False increase: high protein, ketoacids

47
Q

Specific gravity interferences (refractometry)

A

Affected by wavelength of light used, temperature of solution, concentration of solution

48
Q

Refractometry advantages

A

Can measure protein and glucose

49
Q

Urine pH clinical significance

A
  • Precipitation of crystals
  • Treatment of UTI’s
  • Determination of acceptable specimen
50
Q

pH indicators

A

methyl red and bromothymol blue

51
Q

pH interferences

A

none

52
Q

Urine protein indications

A
  • First indicator of renal disease

-

53
Q

Components of urine protein

A
  • 1/3 albumin
  • Microglobulins
  • Tamm-Horsfall (Uromodulin) casts
  • Protein from fluids
54
Q

Proteinuria

A
  • Orthostatic: no significance
  • Transient
  • Pathologic: MM, glomerular membrane damage, impaired reabsorption
55
Q

Urine protein screening tests

A
  • Precipitation tests

- Colorimetric tests

56
Q

Precipitation tests

A
  • 3% sulfosalicylic acid
  • False positives: X-ray contrast media, penicillin
  • False negatives: Highly buffered urine
57
Q

Colorimetric tests

A
  • Dipstick
  • Detects albumin
  • False positives: highly buffered/alkaline urine, prolonged contact with the strip
  • False negatives: protein other than albumin, substances that mask color
58
Q

Protein dipstick principle

A

Protein error of indicator (pH change in response to protein)

59
Q

Urine glucose indications

A
  • Screen for diabetes

- Indicates diabetes or above threshold due to stress

60
Q

Hyperglycemia

A
  • Glucose present in urine

- Renal threshold = 160 +/- 20

61
Q

Glucose dipstick principle

A
  • Glucose oxidase

Glucose + glucose oxidase –> peroxide + peroxidase –> color change

62
Q

Glucose dipstick interferences

A
  • False positives: oxidizing agents, peroxidase contaminants

- False negatives: ascorbic acid, improper storage

63
Q

Semi-quantiative glucose testing

A

Copper reduction test

64
Q

Ketones (source)

A
  • Fatty acid breakdown

- Acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid

65
Q

Clinical significance of ketones

A
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis

- Excessive carbohydrate loss

66
Q

Ketone prinicple

A
  • Based on nitroprusside reaction
  • Detects acetoacetate (turns pad purple)
  • If acetoacetate is present, all 3 ketones are present
67
Q

Ketone interferences

A
  • False positives: highly pigmented urine, free sulfhydryl groups, levodopa metabolites
  • False negatives: improper storage
68
Q

Classic diabetic urine

A
  • Low pH
  • High specific gravity
  • Positive glucose and ketones
69
Q

Hematuria (causes)

A

Pre-renal, Renal and Post-renal conditions

70
Q

Hemoglobinuria (causes)

A

Endogenous or exogeneous

71
Q

Myoglobinuria (causes)

A

Muscle-wasting diseases

72
Q

Blood screening tests

A
  • Dipstick

- Microscope (

73
Q

Endogeneous hemoglobinuria causes

A
  • Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • Intravascular hemolysis
74
Q

Exogeneous hemoglobinuria causes

A
  • Burns
  • Poisons
  • Chemicals
75
Q

Blood (Dipstick principle)

A

Heme’s pseudoperoxidase activity (yellow –> green)

76
Q

Blood (Dipstick interferences)

A
  • False positives: oxidizing agents, microbial peroxidases, menstrual contamination
  • False negatives: Ascorbic acid, high specific gravity, captopril, RBC’s settle out
77
Q

Hematuria

A
  • Red, smokey
  • Positive dipstick
  • Positive microscopic
78
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A
  • Pink, red, brown, clear
  • Positive dipstick
  • Negative microscopic
79
Q

Myoglobinuria

A
  • Brown, clear
  • Positive dipstick
  • Negative microscopic
80
Q

Solubility test (for blood in urine)

A

Myoglobin is soluble in ammonium sulfide (Hbg is not)

81
Q

Bilirubin/Urobilinogen (indications)

A
  • Indicates liver disease

- Produced in pre-hepatic, hepatic and post-hepatic jaundice

82
Q

Bilirubin Screening Tests

A

Foam test

Dipstick

83
Q

Bilirubin Dipstick Principle

A
  • Diazo reaction

Bilirubin + diazonium salt –> brown azobilirubin

84
Q

Bilirubin confirmation test

A

Retest positives with Ictotest

85
Q

Bilirubin interferences

A
  • False positives: drugs, urine pigments

- False negatives: ascorbic acid, high nitrate, improper storage

86
Q

Urobilinogen Dipstick Principle

A
  • Ehrlich’s reaction

- P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

87
Q

Urobilinogen interferences

A
  • False positives: Ehrlich reactive compounds, color interferences
  • False negatives: formalin, improper storage
88
Q

Pre-hepatic jaundice (as seen in urine)

A
  • Caused by hemolytic anemia or transfusion reactions
  • Negative urine bilirubin
  • Increased urine urobilinogen
89
Q

Hepatic jaundice (as seen in urine)

A
  • Caused by hepatitis, cirrhosis
  • Positive urine bilirubin
  • Increased urine urobilinogen
90
Q

Unconjugated hepatic jaundice (as seen in urine)

A
  • Caused by inability to conjugate bilirubin
  • Negative urine bilirubin
  • Normal urine urobilinogen
91
Q

Post-hepatic jaundice (as seen in urine)

A
  • Caused by obstructive jaundice
  • Positive urine bilirubin
  • Negative urine urobilinogen
92
Q

Nitrite clinical significance

A

Cystitis, pyelonephritis, evaluation of effectiveness of antibiotic therapy, screen urine cultures

93
Q

Nitrite Dipstick Test Principle

A

Diazotization of nitrate with an aromatic amine (white –> pink)

94
Q

Nitrite interferences

A
  • False positives: increased bilirubin, improper storage
  • False negatives: ascorbic acid, antibiotics, non-nitrate reducers, urine not in bladder long enough, urine does not contain nitrate
95
Q

Leukocytes indications

A

UTI’s, cystitis, pyelonephritis

96
Q

Leukocyte dipstick principle

A

Leukocyte esterase cleaves esters in pad (beige –> violet)

97
Q

Leukocyte interferences

A
  • False positives: substances that induce color or mask results, vaginal contamination
  • False negatives: high level of glucose and protein, lymphocytes present but not detected, high specific gravity, drugs
98
Q

Ascorbic acid

A

Interferes with glucose, blood, bilirubin, nitrite and leukocytes

BOC Studying (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions