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Day 1 (BB & UA) Flashcards

1
Q

Antigens

A
  • Gene products expressed on membrane

- Protein, glycoprotein or carbohydrate

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2
Q
  • Gene products expressed on membrane

- Protein, glycoprotein or carbohydrate

A

Antigens

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3
Q

Differences between blood groups

A
  • Antigen’s structure and location on RBC

- Antibodies they elicit

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4
Q

Genes

A
  • Basic units of inheritance that encode for traits/characteristics
  • Found at specific locations (loci) on chromosomes
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5
Q
  • Basic units of inheritance that encode for traits/characteristics
  • Found at specific locations (loci) on chromosomes
A

Genes

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6
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

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7
Q

Different forms of the same gene

A

Alleles

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8
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • Double strands of DNA that carry genetic information

- 23 pairs in humans

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9
Q
  • Double strands of DNA that carry genetic information

- 23 pairs in humans

A

Chromosomes

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10
Q

Gene Transmission

A

Transmitted via mitosis and meiosis

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11
Q

Gene inheritance

A

Inherited in a Mendelian fashion (one from each parent)

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12
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A
  • Antigens on different chromosomes are inherited and expressed independently
  • Genes far apart on a chromosome are inherited independently due to crossing over during mitosis
  • Genes close together are inherited together
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13
Q

Haplotype

A

Genes close together on the same chromosome that are inherited together (linkage disequilibrium)

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14
Q

Cis genes

A

Genes inherited on the same chromosome

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15
Q

Trans genes

A

Genes inherited on the opposite chromosomes

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16
Q

Polymorphic genes

A

Genes that express two or more phenotypes

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17
Q

Genes close together on the same chromosome that are inherited together (linkage disequilibrium)

A

Haplotype

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18
Q

Genes inherited on the same chromosome

A

Cis genes

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19
Q

Genes inherited on the opposite chromosomes

A

Trans genes

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20
Q

Genes that express two or more phenotypes

A

Polymorphic genes

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21
Q

Antithetical genes

A
  • Genes that are ‘opposite’

- Can only express one antigen or the other

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22
Q
  • Genes that are ‘opposite’

- Can only express one antigen or the other

A

Antithetical genes

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23
Q

Null phenotype

A

Occurs when a gene is not expressed

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24
Q

Occurs when a gene is not expressed

A

Null phenotype

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25
Amorphs
- silent genes | - can cause null phenotypes
26
Suppressor genes
- inhibit expression of another gene | - can cause null phenotypes
27
Homozygous inheritance
Both inherited alleles are identical
28
Heterozygous inheritance
Inherited genes are different
29
Trait
Detectable or observable gene product
30
Direct exclusion
Child has traits that neither parent has
31
Indirect exclusion
Child lacks markers that father should have passed down to all offspring
32
Urine color
- Due to urochrome | - Affected by pH and concentration
33
Abnormal urine color
Indicates disease or ingested substance
34
Stable, white foam (urine)
Indicates large amount of albumin
35
Yellow foam (urine)
Increased bilirubin
36
Urine clarity
Normal = clear
37
Cloudiness of urine
Caused by contamination, precipitation of dissolved solutes, X-ray contrast media, cells, clots, bacteria or casts
38
Normal urine volume
600-1800 mL/day
39
Polyuria
Increased urine volume (> 3L/day)
40
Oliguria
Decreased urine volume (
41
Anuria
0 mL/day
42
Specific Gravity
- Concentration in terms of density - Affected by number of particles and molecular size - 1.002-1.040
43
Specific Gravity (testing method)
- Indirect | - Refractometry or strip testing
44
Specific Gravity strip test principle
pH change in response to number of ions present in urine
45
Specific gravity indication
Measures concentrating and diluting ability of the kidneys
46
Specific gravity interferences (strip)
- False decrease: high glucose and urea, pH > 6.5 | - False increase: high protein, ketoacids
47
Specific gravity interferences (refractometry)
Affected by wavelength of light used, temperature of solution, concentration of solution
48
Refractometry advantages
Can measure protein and glucose
49
Urine pH clinical significance
- Precipitation of crystals - Treatment of UTI's - Determination of acceptable specimen
50
pH indicators
methyl red and bromothymol blue
51
pH interferences
none
52
Urine protein indications
- First indicator of renal disease | -
53
Components of urine protein
- 1/3 albumin - Microglobulins - Tamm-Horsfall (Uromodulin) casts - Protein from fluids
54
Proteinuria
- Orthostatic: no significance - Transient - Pathologic: MM, glomerular membrane damage, impaired reabsorption
55
Urine protein screening tests
- Precipitation tests | - Colorimetric tests
56
Precipitation tests
- 3% sulfosalicylic acid - False positives: X-ray contrast media, penicillin - False negatives: Highly buffered urine
57
Colorimetric tests
- Dipstick - Detects albumin - False positives: highly buffered/alkaline urine, prolonged contact with the strip - False negatives: protein other than albumin, substances that mask color
58
Protein dipstick principle
Protein error of indicator (pH change in response to protein)
59
Urine glucose indications
- Screen for diabetes | - Indicates diabetes or above threshold due to stress
60
Hyperglycemia
- Glucose present in urine | - Renal threshold = 160 +/- 20
61
Glucose dipstick principle
- Glucose oxidase | Glucose + glucose oxidase --> peroxide + peroxidase --> color change
62
Glucose dipstick interferences
- False positives: oxidizing agents, peroxidase contaminants | - False negatives: ascorbic acid, improper storage
63
Semi-quantiative glucose testing
Copper reduction test
64
Ketones (source)
- Fatty acid breakdown | - Acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid
65
Clinical significance of ketones
- Diabetic ketoacidosis | - Excessive carbohydrate loss
66
Ketone prinicple
- Based on nitroprusside reaction - Detects acetoacetate (turns pad purple) - If acetoacetate is present, all 3 ketones are present
67
Ketone interferences
- False positives: highly pigmented urine, free sulfhydryl groups, levodopa metabolites - False negatives: improper storage
68
Classic diabetic urine
- Low pH - High specific gravity - Positive glucose and ketones
69
Hematuria (causes)
Pre-renal, Renal and Post-renal conditions
70
Hemoglobinuria (causes)
Endogenous or exogeneous
71
Myoglobinuria (causes)
Muscle-wasting diseases
72
Blood screening tests
- Dipstick | - Microscope (
73
Endogeneous hemoglobinuria causes
- Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - Intravascular hemolysis
74
Exogeneous hemoglobinuria causes
- Burns - Poisons - Chemicals
75
Blood (Dipstick principle)
Heme's pseudoperoxidase activity (yellow --> green)
76
Blood (Dipstick interferences)
- False positives: oxidizing agents, microbial peroxidases, menstrual contamination - False negatives: Ascorbic acid, high specific gravity, captopril, RBC's settle out
77
Hematuria
- Red, smokey - Positive dipstick - Positive microscopic
78
Hemoglobinuria
- Pink, red, brown, clear - Positive dipstick - Negative microscopic
79
Myoglobinuria
- Brown, clear - Positive dipstick - Negative microscopic
80
Solubility test (for blood in urine)
Myoglobin is soluble in ammonium sulfide (Hbg is not)
81
Bilirubin/Urobilinogen (indications)
- Indicates liver disease | - Produced in pre-hepatic, hepatic and post-hepatic jaundice
82
Bilirubin Screening Tests
Foam test | Dipstick
83
Bilirubin Dipstick Principle
- Diazo reaction | Bilirubin + diazonium salt --> brown azobilirubin
84
Bilirubin confirmation test
Retest positives with Ictotest
85
Bilirubin interferences
- False positives: drugs, urine pigments | - False negatives: ascorbic acid, high nitrate, improper storage
86
Urobilinogen Dipstick Principle
- Ehrlich's reaction | - P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
87
Urobilinogen interferences
- False positives: Ehrlich reactive compounds, color interferences - False negatives: formalin, improper storage
88
Pre-hepatic jaundice (as seen in urine)
- Caused by hemolytic anemia or transfusion reactions - Negative urine bilirubin - Increased urine urobilinogen
89
Hepatic jaundice (as seen in urine)
- Caused by hepatitis, cirrhosis - Positive urine bilirubin - Increased urine urobilinogen
90
Unconjugated hepatic jaundice (as seen in urine)
- Caused by inability to conjugate bilirubin - Negative urine bilirubin - Normal urine urobilinogen
91
Post-hepatic jaundice (as seen in urine)
- Caused by obstructive jaundice - Positive urine bilirubin - Negative urine urobilinogen
92
Nitrite clinical significance
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, evaluation of effectiveness of antibiotic therapy, screen urine cultures
93
Nitrite Dipstick Test Principle
Diazotization of nitrate with an aromatic amine (white --> pink)
94
Nitrite interferences
- False positives: increased bilirubin, improper storage - False negatives: ascorbic acid, antibiotics, non-nitrate reducers, urine not in bladder long enough, urine does not contain nitrate
95
Leukocytes indications
UTI's, cystitis, pyelonephritis
96
Leukocyte dipstick principle
Leukocyte esterase cleaves esters in pad (beige --> violet)
97
Leukocyte interferences
- False positives: substances that induce color or mask results, vaginal contamination - False negatives: high level of glucose and protein, lymphocytes present but not detected, high specific gravity, drugs
98
Ascorbic acid
Interferes with glucose, blood, bilirubin, nitrite and leukocytes

BOC Studying (2 decks)

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