Day 1 (Ax, Sx, Pharm) Flashcards
Where are striated muscles located?
heart and skeletal muscles
Systemic circulation is under what kind of pressure?
high pressure
A pregnant mare has what kind of placentation?
diffuse
The pressure in the systemic arteries during ventricular contraction is what?
systolic blood pressure
What hormone contracts the female reproductive tract to help move spermatozoa into the oviduct?
oxytocin
Cardiac muscle is considered a what?
striated involuntary muscle
In what order does the impulse for depolarization travel through the heart?
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
A pregnant queen has what kind of placentation?
zonary
The control of color changes in the pigment cells of reptiles, fish, and amphibians is associated with which hormone?
MSH
The wave on an electrocardiogram that is associated with the atrial wall depolarization is the what?
P wave
The SA node is located in the wall of which chamber?
right atrium
The muscular sphincter located between the stomach and the duodenum is the what?
pylorus
The type of cell responsible for the transmission of impulses through the nervous system is the what?
neuron
Dogs demonstrate what type of estrous cycle?
diestous
What system is anatomically composed of the brain and spinal cord?
central nervous system
Functions that an animal does not have to consciously control, such as peristalsis in the intestine, are influenced by the what?
autonomic nervous system
The cranial nerves and the spinal nerves are anatomically part of what system?
peripheral nervous system
Sensory nerves are considered what?
afferent nerves
When a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached what?
threshold
What happens within the neuron that allows local anesthetic to be effective?
sodium channels become blocked
Smooth muscles can be found where?
stomach
Which muscle cells have single nuclei?
smooth and cardiac
Cattle and swine display what type of serous cycle?
polyestrous
What species is an induced ovulator?
feline
In what stage of the estrous cycle does the corpus lute develop?
metestrus
Which reaction is the result of sympathetic nervous system stimulation?
dilated pupils
The hormone produced by a developing ovarian follicle is what?
estrogen
To achieve a normal pregnancy, the blastocyst attaches to what structure?
endometrium
Giving birth is known as what?
parturition
From the estrous cycle to parturition, in what order are the following hormones released?
estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin
A pregnant bitch has what kind of placentation?
zonary
The canine uterus is shaped like what letter?
Y
How many mammary glands are typically found on a bitch?
8-12
Which reaction is the result of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
decreased heart rate
The neurotransmitter that is most responsible for the “fight or flight” reaction is what?
epinephrine
In the healthy heart, the heartbeat is initiated by which node?
SA node
On an electrocardiogram, the T wave is most closely associated with what?
ventricular depolarization
On inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity, as compared with ambient air pressure is what?
negative
In the healthy awake cat, the primary stimulus within blood for respiration is what?
increased CO2
An increased PCV could be indicative of what?
dehydration
Apnea will cause what?
respiratory acidosis
Which of the following nutrients can be used for gluconeogenesis?
amino acids
Cataracts result from a problem with transparency of the what?
lens
Within the eye, the choroid is located between which two structures?
sclera and retina
What process is not a function of insulin?
increased blood pressure
Which endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets produce the hormone glucagon?
alpha cells
Long term use of glucocorticoids will do what?
suppress the immune system
Nociceptors are important for detecting what?
pain
The sensation of hunger falls under which general sense?
visceral sensation
The vagus nerve is cranial nerve what?
X
The cranial nerves originate from the what?
brainstem
Glaucoma is what?
increased pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye
Aqueous humor is formed in which chamber of the eye?
posterior chamber
Clients should be cautioned against sticking Q-tips in the ears of their pets because they could rupture the what?
tympanic membrane
Which condition would be typical of hypothyroidism?
weight gain
In dairy cattle, the teats and udder are gently washed before milking to stimulate the release of what, to stimulate milk letdown?
oxytocin
Which hormone helps to trigger and maintain lactation?
prolactin
Lymph nodes that are found medial to the caudal part of the jaw are the what?
mandibular nodes
A pregnant rodent has what kind of placentation?
discoid
The neurohypophysis is an atomic section of which of the following?
hypothalamus
The portal vein does what?
delivers blood to the liver
To proceed from a point between the eyes to the tip of a dog’s nose, you would move in what way?
rostrally
Typically, what percentage of an animals body weight consists of blood?
8%
What dissection could be made without cutting through a bone-to-bone joint?
forelimb from the body
If you were to grasp your hands behind your head at the base of your skull your hands would be over which bone of the skull?
occipital
The glucose absorbed from the GI tract may be stored in the liver as glycogen through a process known as what?
glycogenesis
The process of voice production usually begins in which location?
larynx
Essential nutrients can be divided into how many categories?
6
Efferent nerves carry nerve impulses from where?
the body to the central nervous system
The name for the bile acid-lipid units that carry fat within the gut is what?
micelles
Which type of RNA copies the information in the DNA?
transfer RNA
Bile acids are important in the digestion of what?
fats
What lowers blood glucose?
insulin
Which system is considered to be the largest and most extensive organ system in the body?
integument
Different nitrogen bases are found in both DNA and RNA nucleotides. Which nucleotide is only found in DNA?
Thymine (T)
The P wave component of a QRS complex usually corresponds to what?
atrial contraction
The islets of Langerhans are found in the what?
Pancreas
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
The kidneys are located in which cavity?
retroperitoneal cavity
Which circulatory system is under the highest pressure?
systemic
Fat in the lymph would most likely be associated with what?
chylomicrons
The mesovarium ligament supports which organ?
ovaries
Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with what?
IV calcium
For an animal that had lost RBCs to a moderate hookworm infection, one would expect the CRT to be what?
less than 1 second
A pulse taken from the inguinal area of a dog would be from the what?
femoral artery
What is called the “knee” in the forelimb of a horse would be called that what in a human?
wrist joint
The linea alba on a standing cat is what to the spinal cord?
ventral
Arteries have relatively thick walls, which are composed of three layers. Which layer is the outermost layer?
tunica adventitia
Yellow mucous membranes would suggest what?
hepatic disease
A CRT of 2 seconds would suggest what?
a healthy animal
What is the name for the large, flat projection located lateral to the head of the femur?
greater trochanter
The femur articulates distally with the tibia, forming the what?
stifle joint
What is a term for a part closer to a point of attachment or to the trunk?
proximal
What is the term used below the carpus for the surface directed caudal or ventrally?
palmar
In growing bone, where does lengthening take place?
epiphyseal plate
What layer of bone tissue is necessary for the attachment of ligaments and tendons?
periosteum
The fibrous covering around the part of the bone NOT covered by articular cartilage is what?
periosteum
What two halves comprise the atrioventricular valves?
mitral valve, tricuspid valve
What two valves comprise the semilunar valves?
pulmonic valve, aortic valve
The normal dentition pattern for an adult cat is what?
incisor 3/3, canine 1/1, premolar 3/2, molar 1/1
In the avian species, the ventral wall of the esophagus is greatly expanded to form the what?
crop
What is the average number of air sacs that birds have?
6
In birds, the cloaca is what?
a common passage for fecal, urinary and reproductive systems
In the avian species, the gizzard is also referred to as the what?
ventriculus
Which muscle is the main muscle for inspiration?
Diaphragm
The urea consists of the iris, ciliary body and what?
choroid
The front surface of the lens is in contact with which of the following?
aqueous humor
The muscular structure that separates the right and left ventricles is called the interventricular?
septum
The muscular layer that makes up the majority of the heart mass is the what?
myocardium
The major artery that carried blood out of the left ventricle is the what?
aorta
Which structure drains blood from the stomach, intestine, and pancreas and flows directly to the liver?
hepatic portal vein
The coronary veins empty blood via the coronary sinus into the what?
right atrium
The pulmonary circulation is under what kind of pressure?
low pressure
How many teeth does an adult dog have?
42
What abdominal organ is absent in the horse and rat?
gallbladder
What is unique about the ruminant oral cavity?
presence of a dental pad
What is the actual true stomach called in ruminants?
abomasum
What is the most common site of feed impactions in the horse?
pelvic flexure
Food is moved along the digestive tract by the process known as what?
peristalsis
The most distal portion of the mono gastric stomach is the what?
pylorus
What hormone is not produced or release by the pituitary gland?
calcitonin
What is a ductless system?
endocrine system
The hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy?
progesteron
The structure produced immediately after an ovarian follicle has ruptured and released its ovum is the what?
corpus luteum
A deficiency in antidiuretic hormone causes what?
diabetes insipidus
The kidney produces what hormone?
erythropoietin
What hormone is produced by the beta cells in the pancreas?
insulin
Which hormone stimulates the growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland and release of some of its hormones?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
The endocrine structure responsible for secreting melatonin is what?
pineal gland
The lymphatic system is not involved in what?
carbohydrate transport
Lymph from the digestive system is known as what?
chyle
The lymphatic structure found in the small intestines responsible for the transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins is what?
lacteals
Which of the following is a lymphatic structure?
tonsil
What structure is not found in the brainstem?
hypothalamus
The point at which blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidneys is known as what?
hilus
