Dates

Question 1

1st cholera outbreak

Answer 1

1832

32,000 died

Question 2

James Kay report

Answer 2

1832
‘The moral and physical conditions of the working classes of Manchester’
Made a connection with dirt and disease and the living conditions - low morality

Question 3

Typhus epidemic

Answer 3

1837/38

Coupled with Kay’s report influenced Chadwick to embark upon a broad report

Question 4

Chadwick’s report

Answer 4

1842
‘The sanitary conditions of the labouring population of Great Britain’
1st nationwide report on sanitary conditions
Ignored at start
Some results concerning

Question 5

Why was Chadwick’s document significant?

Answer 5

Attacked the inadequacy of existing water supplies, drainage and sewerage systems

Linked public health and the poor law

Pointed the finger at vested interests that stood in the way of improvement

Stressed the connection between these, overcrowding, epidemics and death (greatest impact)

Question 6

2nd Royal commission

Answer 6

1844
Looked into Chadwick’s results
Inquiry into large towns on health conditions
Government must now act upon them

Question 7

2nd cholera outbreak

Answer 7

1848
Worst one
62,000 died

Question 8

1st public health act

Answer 8

1848
Voluntary
Only lasted 5 years
Local authorities empowers to set up local boards of health
Compulsory of 10% ratepayers asked for it or if death rate higher than 23/100
Too much opposition to be compulsory
First intervention/recognition

Question 9

3rd cholera outbreak

Answer 9

1854

20,000 died

Question 10

John snow

Answer 10

1854
Plotted cases on a map
Broad street - source of cholera
Sewage leaked into water pump contaminating it
Challenged miasma

Question 11

Great Stink

Answer 11

1858
Thames polluted
London evacuated

Question 12

Bazalgette ordered to clean up London
Engineered a sewer system to like out dirty water and bring clean in
Action only because people in power were affected

Answer 12

1859

Question 13

Rise of middle classes

Answer 13

1860s
Factory owners (industrial revolution)
2nd industrial revolution (railways)
Acknowledged state intervention has to happen in order to maintain empire - educate workers

Question 14

Germ theory

Answer 14

1861
Pasteur
Microbes cause disease
Growth in education

Question 15

4th cholera outbreak

Answer 15

1866
14,000 died
Drop in deaths shows improvement in public health works

Question 16

Sanitary act

Answer 16

1866
John Simon
Local authorities made responsible for removal of nuisances with acceptance that central government could compel them to act
Local authorities empowered to improve or demolish slums

Question 17

3rd royal commission

Answer 17

1869
Public health
Not much change to conditions since Chadwick 1842

Question 18

Adulteration of food, drinks and drugs act

Answer 18

1872

Enabled local authorities to order an investigation of specific food stuffs even if no complaint had been received

Question 19

Disraeli becomes pm

Answer 19

1874

Question 20

2nd public health act

Answer 20

1875
Compulsory 
Every authority had to set up a health board
Make sure nuisances were cleaned up
Fresh clean water accessible
No more cess pits
Broader act
Reinforced aims of 1866 sanitary act
Underground sewers to take out dirty water

Question 21

Artisans dwellings act

Answer 21

1875
Removal of slums
Replace with decent housing
Birmingham
Chamberlain transformed it into a modern city, not only for work but to live
Money! - have to have a middle class willing to put money into it

Question 22

Sale of food and drugs act

Answer 22

1875

Tried to define unadulterated food

Question 23

Why was the Health of Towns Association established in 1844?

Answer 23

Chadwick’s propaganda campaign to raise public awareness

Had a central committee in London and branches in most main provincial towns.

Question 24

Aim of the Health of Towns Association?

Answer 24

To mount a propaganda campaign for public-health legislation.

Members have public lectures, published and distributed informative pamphlets and produces a ‘Weekly Sheet of Facts and Figures’