Dates Flashcards
1st cholera outbreak
1832
32,000 died
James Kay report
1832
‘The moral and physical conditions of the working classes of Manchester’
Made a connection with dirt and disease and the living conditions - low morality
Typhus epidemic
1837/38
Coupled with Kay’s report influenced Chadwick to embark upon a broad report
Chadwick’s report
1842
‘The sanitary conditions of the labouring population of Great Britain’
1st nationwide report on sanitary conditions
Ignored at start
Some results concerning
Why was Chadwick’s document significant?
Attacked the inadequacy of existing water supplies, drainage and sewerage systems
Linked public health and the poor law
Pointed the finger at vested interests that stood in the way of improvement
Stressed the connection between these, overcrowding, epidemics and death (greatest impact)
2nd Royal commission
1844
Looked into Chadwick’s results
Inquiry into large towns on health conditions
Government must now act upon them
2nd cholera outbreak
1848
Worst one
62,000 died
1st public health act
1848
Voluntary
Only lasted 5 years
Local authorities empowers to set up local boards of health
Compulsory of 10% ratepayers asked for it or if death rate higher than 23/100
Too much opposition to be compulsory
First intervention/recognition
3rd cholera outbreak
1854
20,000 died
John snow
1854 Plotted cases on a map Broad street - source of cholera Sewage leaked into water pump contaminating it Challenged miasma
Great Stink
1858
Thames polluted
London evacuated
Bazalgette ordered to clean up London
Engineered a sewer system to like out dirty water and bring clean in
Action only because people in power were affected
1859
Rise of middle classes
1860s
Factory owners (industrial revolution)
2nd industrial revolution (railways)
Acknowledged state intervention has to happen in order to maintain empire - educate workers
Germ theory
1861
Pasteur
Microbes cause disease
Growth in education
4th cholera outbreak
1866
14,000 died
Drop in deaths shows improvement in public health works
Sanitary act
1866
John Simon
Local authorities made responsible for removal of nuisances with acceptance that central government could compel them to act
Local authorities empowered to improve or demolish slums
3rd royal commission
1869
Public health
Not much change to conditions since Chadwick 1842
Adulteration of food, drinks and drugs act
1872
Enabled local authorities to order an investigation of specific food stuffs even if no complaint had been received
Disraeli becomes pm
1874
2nd public health act
1875 Compulsory Every authority had to set up a health board Make sure nuisances were cleaned up Fresh clean water accessible No more cess pits Broader act Reinforced aims of 1866 sanitary act Underground sewers to take out dirty water
Artisans dwellings act
1875
Removal of slums
Replace with decent housing
Birmingham
Chamberlain transformed it into a modern city, not only for work but to live
Money! - have to have a middle class willing to put money into it
Sale of food and drugs act
1875
Tried to define unadulterated food
Why was the Health of Towns Association established in 1844?
Chadwick’s propaganda campaign to raise public awareness
Had a central committee in London and branches in most main provincial towns.
Aim of the Health of Towns Association?
To mount a propaganda campaign for public-health legislation.
Members have public lectures, published and distributed informative pamphlets and produces a ‘Weekly Sheet of Facts and Figures’
