Dates Flashcards
American Revolution
1776-1783, England recognizes the independence of the 13 states
French Revolution
1789-1802, restructuring the government and overthrowing the monarchy
Haitian Revolution
1791-1804, forcing out the French who intended to enslave the Haitians
Treaty of Paris
1783, ends the French Indian war//Seven Years War, France gives up its territories in mainland North America, leads to the creation of Upper and Lower Canada
Constitutional Act
1791, The beginning of parliamentary democracy in British North America. Distribution of power creates friction in Lower Canada as the elected legislative assembly who were largely french had to answer to the appointed actors above them, who were mostly British.
Rebellions in Lower + Upper Canada
1830s (becomes more violent in 1838 when farmers become leaders) Inspired by other rebellions of the time fighting for more freedoms and republicanism
Rebellion Losses Bill + Destruction of Mtl Parliament
- British were unhappy they had to contribute to the compensations from the rebellions, burn down Mtl Parliament. It is then moved to Ottawa where it becomes Parliament capital in 1957
Responsible Gov’t Granted
1848, if executive council (appointed) loses the confidence of the Legislative Assembly (elected) its members must resign and a new council appointed by Lieutenant Gov.
Britain Adopts Free Trade
1846-1849 (transatlantic to transcontinental), colonies are becoming expensive and unnecessary
End of Mercantilism
1840s
Reciprocity Treaty
1854
American Civil War
1861-1865, slavery is at the heart of it, North wants to abolish, South wants to keep. Britain was officially neutral so the colonies were meant to be neutral, but many Canadians fought with the North. Britain unofficially wants the South to win so the US splits into two more manageable countries
Slavery Abolished in the US
1863
Seigneural system ends in St. Lawrence Valley
1854
Charlottetown Conference
September 1864, held so the leaders of British North America could discuss confederation
Quebec Conference
October 1864, second discussion of confederation
Maritime Union project
Arthur Hamilton Gordon, 1863-1864, convincing the maritimes that a larger union would be more beneficial
London Conference
Dec. 1866 - Mar. 1867, held in London England to discuss Canadian confederation
Canadian Confederation
July 1, 1867
As of 1867 ____ make up Canada
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec
Gov’t buys Rupert’s Land from HBC
1869, aboriginal and metis people lived on this land, and were not consulted
Red River Rebellion//First Rebellion of the Northwest
1869, Expansionists wanted to move west, didn’t have respect for aboriginal/metis people had surveyors come seethe land regardless of who was already living there. Metis were blocking surveyors/expansionists from surveying Red River.
Manitoba Act
1870 (creates 5th province of Manitoba) PM John A Macdonald decides to negotiate with the Metis/LouisRiel after the Red River Rebellion. Metis lands would be protected, but all other lands were the property of Canada.
BC joins confederation
- gov’t wanted to secure the entirety of western canada to prevent it from being a US target. Colonists were told that a railway would be built across canada and they would be included (key to convincing BC to join confederation)
PEI joins confederation
- join because the gov’t offers to pay off their fairly substantial debt as a colony.
Numbered Treaties
1871 - 1921 (11 treaties) send gov’t officials to negotiate terms with the native peoples - give over the lands and the gov’t will provide things such as schools, teachers, supplies, teach them to be farmers; this seems like the gov’t wants to help, in fact wants to assimilate them
Britain’s Royal Proclamation + creation of Indian Country
1763, this is what makes it necessary to sign the land cessions, only the crown could get land cessions, not individuals.
Selling concessions to British
1780s - mid 19th century
Indian Act
- It aimed at Regulating several aspects go the lives of Native peoples to ultimately assimilate them (have to be “elevated to a higher degree of civilization”, regulation of the “Sun Dance”, being taught spirituality and farming)
Origins of the Indian Act
Act to Encourage the Gradual Civilization of Indian Tribes in the Province of Canada (1857)
“Modern” Residential Schools
1880s - 1960s. Their purpose was to “educate” native children i.e assimilate them into English-Canadian culture. Things of cultural significance (like the long hair of the Blackfoot) were changed to assimilate them
Building National Policy
1878, To develop and see a country from coast to coast (construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway starts in 1880), Protective tariff to shift trade from North-South to East-West, Colonizing the prairies.
“Chinese Exclusion Act”
Chinese Immigration act of 1923. After the completion of the railway, the Chinese workers were thanked by the gov’t imposing a head tax - $50 per immigrant to come to Canada
Wheat Boom
population boom in the west in the early 20th century
Dominion Land Act
1872, dominion act meant a settler had to comply with some duties such as building a residence on the property/cultivating the land etc
Imperial Federation League
Founded in London in 1884, first branch of the League opens in Canada in 1885. In England a movement arose to federate the empire, much as Canada had recently confederated. The United States and Canada were concrete examples of how vast territories could be effectively managed while maintaining a central representative authority.
Colonization of N. Quebec.
Starts in 1838; doesn’t pick up until the 1850s. It becomes more important in the 1890s with the completion of the railway to Lac St Jean
Colonization of N. Ontario
1898 Ontario is roughly half of the modern day province (N/S), by 1912, it has the shape of today’s province of ON
Klondike Gold Rush
1900s, Canada’s population explodes
1874 (immigration)
Federal gov’t is actively recruiting immigrants in Europe
Underground Railroad
In the first half of the 19th century, a few thousand slaves escape and come to Canada
Telegraph
1830s the Telegraph is introduced, didn’t start to spread until the 1850s (thanks to the railroad). 1860s creation of a line between Newfoundland to England. Expanded social worlds - could spread news quicker, stay in contact with those far away much easier, connect with clients farther away
Stock Exchange
annual stock exchange was in Montreal (as of) 1832; by 1910 there were several stock exchanges in Canada - Montreal, Vancouver, Toronto (Calgary in 1914). Canada’s stock exchange was comparatively small (New York stock exchange having 164.2 million shares, Toronto and Montreal having 3 mil.
ON Factory Act
- no child (under 14) or female, shall be employed for more than 10 hours in one day, no woman, young girl, or child, can work before 6am, a register of the children/young girls/women shall be kept by the employer for reference by the inspector
- there were only 3 inspectors in Ontario who would make sure the OFA was being followed
Suffrage in Canada
1877 - first suffrage society. By 1914 there are over 20.
Women’s Right to Vote
Granted in ever province of Canada from 1916 - 1925 with the exception of Que. where it was passed in 1940.
