Dates

Question 1

Date Homosapiens migrated out of Africa to Eurasia

Answer 1

120,000 years ago

Question 2

Dates Neanderthals flourish in Europe and Western Asia

Answer 2

30,000- 150,000 years ago

Question 3

Date Beginning of the Neolithic Era. First evidence of agriculture.

Answer 3

9,000. BCE

Question 4

Date Mauryan Empire the first Indian Empire. Very short lived

Answer 4

6th century BCE

Question 5

Date Sumerians: southern part of Mesopotamia

Answer 5

5000 BCE

Question 6

Founding of Date Buddhism

Answer 6

5th Century BCE

Question 7

Date Jainism

Answer 7

6th and 5th century BCE

Question 8

Date of Establishment of the first cities of Sumer

Answer 8

3800 BCE

Question 9

Date Old kingdom in Egypt

Answer 9

2660-2180 BCE

Question 10

Date Harepans: India’s first Civilization in the Indus Valley some 300 cities. Height of Harappan civilization.

Answer 10

2500 - 2000 BCE

Question 11

Dates Shang Dynasty China

Answer 11

2000 - 1050 BCE

Question 12

Date Indo- European migration

Answer 12

1500-500 BCE

Question 13

Dates Olmec culture Southern Mexico

Answer 13

1500 - 500 BCE

Question 14

Date Vedic Age India

Answer 14

500 BCE

Question 15

Dates Zhou dynasty China

Answer 15

1050- 256 BCE

Question 16

Date Vedic Age India

Answer 16

500 BCE

Question 17

Dates Confucius China

Answer 17

551-479 BCE

Question 18

Dates Classical period in Greece

Answer 18

500-479 BCE

Question 19

Date Cyrus the great consolidates the Persian Empire

Answer 19

550 BCE

Question 20

Dates Roman Empire

Answer 20

509- 27 BCE

Question 21

Date Hellenistic period Covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the rise of Augustus the Roman Empire

Answer 21

323 BCE - 31 BCE

Question 22

Date of Win Dynasty

Answer 22

221- 206 BCE

Question 23

Date of Han Dynasty

Answer 23

202 - 220 CE

Question 24

Dates of Roman Empire

Answer 24

27-476 BC

Question 25

Date of Peak of Maya Culture

Answer 25

300- 900 CE

Question 26

Dates Construction of Mounds at Cahokia Central America

Answer 26

1050- 1250 CE

Question 27

Date of Aztec Empire

Answer 27

1428- 1521 CE

Question 28

Dates of Inca Empire dominates the Andes

Answer 28

1438- 1521 CE

Question 29

Dates Bantu speaking peoples expand across Central and Southern Africa

Answer 29

1438- 1532 CE

Question 30

Persian empire was the largest that the ancient world had seen, extending from Anatolia and Egypt across western Asia to northern India and Central Asia. King Astyages of Media, who dominated much of Iran and eastern Anatolia (Turkey), was defeated by his southern neighbor Cyrus II (“the Great”), king of Persia (r. 559–530 B.C.)

Answer 30

Achaemenids:

Question 31

in the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jainist tradition The doctrine that all life is one and sacred, resulting in the principle of nonviolence toward all living creatures. a religious philosophy that all life, including animals, is sacred. An example is vegetarianism because of the importance of animals’ lives.

Answer 31

Ahimsa:

Question 32

took his father’s armies and moved east to try to defeat the Persian Empire. He was successful, and by 324 BCE he had conquered all the way to the Indus River and created the first Greek empire.
He died in 323 BCE, and

Answer 32

Alexander the Great

Question 33

large body of sacred texts – written in Sanskrit. Controlled by priests first work of literature. Complex and careful rituals

Answer 33

The Vedas

Question 34

The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits

Answer 34

Annism:

Question 35

To deny yourself of pleasure: live without any pleasures.
Where does this impulse of self denial come from?
Historically, a rigorous, laborious lifestyle, involving the denial of pleasure and rest as a way of expressing spiritual devotion. a severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons. included simple living, begging, fasting and ethical practices such as humility, compassion, meditation, patience and prayer.

Answer 35

asceticism:

Question 36

Chandragupta Son. Embraced Buddhism promoted its spread beyond India. as an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE

Answer 36

Ashoka

Question 37

trading center, and powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia. Civilization with only indigenous writing system in sub-Saharan Africa

Answer 37

Axum:

Question 38

Northern Mexico immigrated to the valley and settled in Tenochtitlan. became the dominant ethic group of what is now Mexico. Empire based on Religion and war. Central valley of Mexico. Network of alliances and tributary states. Clan based communities. distinguished in war became governors and judges. Warrior aristocracy. Young boys trained for war. Human sacrifice of war captives.

Answer 38

Aztecs:

Question 39

Brought to Africa from S E Asia by traders. From Madagascar. Helped with expansion across the african continent. originally found in South East Asia, mainly in India. They were brought west by Arab conquerors in 327 B.C. and moved from Asia Minor to Africa

Answer 39

bananas:

Question 40

relating to or denoting a group of Niger–Congo languages spoken in central and southern Africa, including Swahili, Xhosa, and Zulu. Bantu-speaking peoples expanded across central and southern Africa migrated across Africa. Archaeology and linguistic sources prove the immigration pattern. Bantu settled Cameroon, Slow migration across Central Africa. displacing forager people. because they were agriculturalists, and were iron foragers.

Answer 40

Bantu

Question 41

influential break off of Brahmanic teachings rejecting various tenets. Ignores the caste system. Everyone can follow the eightfold path. Started same time as Jainism. All believe in the same gods, reincarnation, transmigration of life,
Siddhartha Gautama(Buddha),
aestheticism, not a believer in caste system
Life is suffering
Selfish desire is the cause of suffering
Selfish desire can be eliminated

Answer 41

Buddhism:

Question 42

Right views
Right thought
Right speech
Right action
Right livelihood
Right effort
Right mindfulness
Right concentration
Some are for monks only

Answer 42

8 fold middle path leads to extinction of suffering

Question 43

non gods religion God did not help you. If you want to believe in gods that was fine but they do not save you.

Answer 43

Non theastic

Question 44

complex mounds in central USA, plazas and houses. Engaged in long distance trade. across North America. relied on agriculture to support complex cultures. settlement near confluence of Mississippi and Missouri rivers. largest mound settlement. Mounds for ceremonial purposes have been uncovered. 38,000 people. traders, agriculture spread through the southeast US.

Answer 44

Cahokia:

Question 45

social classes in Hinduism: a system of rigid social stratification characterized by hereditary status, endogamy, and social barriers sanctioned by custom, law, or religion

Answer 45

caste system

Question 46

a Neolithic settlement in modern-day Turkey. The settlement was occupied between 7250 and 5400 BCE, and it contained anywhere from five thousand to ten thousand people. it is extremely important to the beginning of art. witnesses the transition from exclusively hunting and gathering to increasing skill in plant and animal domestication. a site whose history is about one of man’s most important transformations: It is also a site at which we see art, both painting and sculpture, appear to play a newly important role in the lives of settled people.

Answer 46

Çatal Hüyük:

Question 47

started in Teotihuacan.Mexico improved upon farming techniques used by the Aztecs to farm around Lake Texcoco which was swampy. By building up Reeds and mud to extend the Lake for more farming. tidy rectangular plots divided by canals allowed for canoe transportation of people

Answer 47

Chinampa:

Question 48

As a result many of the world’s major religions emerged. These same civilizations developed institutions, systems of thought and cultural styles that still influence us today. …1. Family structures- Classical civilizations gave importance to male leadership in the families and all the aspects of life. 2. Agriculture based economy- The most common occupation of the people was agriculture. 3. Composite governments- Governments were large, politically composite with unique methods of administration. 4. Expansion of trade- They got connected to the world by means of trade routes through water and land.

Answer 48

classical civilizations:

Question 49

a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who was traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. the first teacher in China who wanted to make education broadly available and who was instrumental in establishing the art of teaching as a vocation. He also established ethical, moral, and social standards

Answer 49

Confucianism:

Question 50

is a philosophy, a religion, and a way of life that arose in the 6th century BCE in what is now the eastern Chinese province of Henan. It has strongly influenced the culture and religious life of China and other East Asian countries ever since.

Answer 50

Daoism:

Question 51

Rule of the many for the good of the many (though since it was of the many it might subvert the good of the many. According to aristotle.

Answer 51

democracy:

Question 52

a disease that is always present in a certain population or region. These spread rapidly by close contact. They were common in the first cities, where people and animals lived in confined spaces
Most diseases over time turn to endemic
ex: TB is endemic to certain regions of the world, such as Africa, Russia, Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean

Answer 52

endemic disease:

Question 53

is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. The literary history with five Sumerian poems about Bilgamesh (Sumerian for “Gilgamesh”), Only a few tablets of it have survived.

Answer 53

Epic of Gilgamesh:

Question 54

one of several peoples that built city-states on the Italian peninsula in the first millennium BCE, only people in the region who were not of Indo-European origin(likely originated in Turkey. Scholars disagree about their origins, and their language is an isolate—it is not related to any other known languages. first in the region to develop cities, complex political and social organization, and irrigation. They built cities on hills,

Answer 54

The Etruscans

Question 55

Main message of Buddha.
Pain and suffering, frustration and anxiety are ugly but inescapable parts of life.
Suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments
People can understand these weaknesses and triumph over them.
This triumph is made possible by a simple code of conduct. Code of Manu

Answer 55

Four Noble Truths

Question 56

is a Babylonian legal text composed c. 1755–1750 BC. It is the longest, best-organised, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient …He had a proclamation of an extensive law code that set a variety of punishments for breaking the law. Punishment fit the crime. Code dealt with agriculture, marriage and family, quality of goods,

Answer 56

Hammurabi’s Code

Question 57

was the second imperial dynasty of China ,
Control over Nobility, All reported to the emperor. Came to the Capital to be trained. Confucian education. Border control and expansion. Military service mandatory. Combined Military from all over. Men gave one month of labor to the government every year. Control over agriculture: relied on taxes from farmers to support the government. Tried to make land productive, and increased land size to be farmed. Gave land in new areas. Innovations in agriculture. Moldboard plow introduced. New Harness introduced.

Answer 57

Han dynasty:

Question 58

India’s first Civilization in the Indus Valley some 300 cities. Literate Civilization. The Indus River Valley Civilization, developed the first accurate system of standardized weights and measures, created sculpture, seals, pottery, and jewelry from materials, such as terracotta, metal, and stone. Inscribed on stone, hard to translate.

Answer 58

Harappans:

Question 59

created a new form of Religious beliefs, a monotheism based on one all powerful God. Abraham, Moses This religious group was monotheistic and based on the worship of an all-powerful god called Yahweh. These people were nomadic pastoralists and were later enslaved by the Egyptians

Answer 59

Hebrews:

Question 60

ruled absolutely by kings. and were particularly interested in amassing as many of its riches as they could and put their wealth on display for all to see, building elaborate palaces and they sponsored libraries (the famous libraries at Alexandria and Pergamum, for instance) and universities. The university at Alexandria People, like goods, moved fluidly around the Hellenistic kingdoms. Almost everyone in empire spoke and read the same language: koine, or “the common tongue,” a kind of colloquial Greek. Koine was a unifying cultural force:

Answer 60

Hellenistic culture:

Question 61

Thinking Humans evolved from Homo Erectus, or from earlier primates
bipedal, use of fire, use of tools, more brain power, community organization, cooperation. anatomic variations, that allowed for greater vocalization, large forebrains
All of these things together allowed them to manipulate their environment.

Answer 61

Homo sapiens:

Question 62

Process by which diseases become endemic. Population contacts combine gene pools and eventually most adults are immune to diseases

Answer 62

homogenization of the disease pool:

Question 63

Dynasty of rulers who built a large empire across the Andes. Centered at Cuzco. They invented civilization. Settled and farmed vertical archipelagos. settlements at temperate climates farming and herding took place at higher and lower altitudes. Andean ancestors worship with the Chimu system of split inheritance. largest empire in the world within 50 years. Chimu meant you had to conquer new lands to have an inheritance. 80 providence, 2600 miles, 16 million people and scores of ethnic groups came under Inca control Columbia/Ecuador to Chile under Inca control.

Answer 63

Inca Empire

Question 64

These were all peoples who had original homelands somewhere in Central Asia and migrated into agricultural areas. Settled in India along the Indus river region. Had large civilizations. Unearthed more than 300 cities
What don’t we know about them?
We have no written evidence and no archaeological evidence about their homelands. We don’t know where they came from or why they migrated in the first place. . We also don’t know whether they brought culture, religion, or ideas about politics with them when they migrated

Answer 64

Indo-European peoples:

Question 65

in India about the same period as Buddhism. It was established by Mahavira (c. 599 - 527 BC) in about 500 B. C. influential break off of Brahmanic(priests/shaman) teachings rejecting various tenets. Considered all life sacred. Mohandas Gandhi was a Jain
Monastic vows
Never take a life
Never to be untruthful
Never to take what is not given
Never to be unchaste
Never to be attached to anything (some did not wear clothes)

Answer 65

Jainism:

Question 66

six classical schools of thought in Chinese philosophy. Literally meaning “house of administrative methods” or “standards/law.

Answer 66

Legalism

Question 67

lineal descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree. a group of individuals tracing descent from a common ancestor : such a group of persons whose common ancestor is regarded as its founder. descent in a line from a common progenitor.

Answer 67

lineage

Question 68

14,000-11,000 BCE hunted reindeer in the area of Southern France and northern Spain. Produced highly developed carved art. smoked and preserved meat. Had free time to develop artistic skills.

Answer 68

Magdalenian society

Question 69

Disease really affected African population. 90% of all deaths were in Africa. Spread by mosquitos.
Mosquitos are the highest death rate of any animal.
an intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions.

Answer 69

Malaria

Question 70

is a Chinese political philosophy that was used in ancient and imperial China to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China. According to this doctrine, heaven bestows the mandate on a just ruler of China, If a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy, and had lost the mandate. It was also a common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were divine retributions bearing signs of Heaven’s displeasure with the ruler, does not require a legitimate ruler to be of noble birth, Chinese dynasties such as the Han and Ming were founded by men of common origins, but they were seen as having succeeded because of what they had gained

Answer 70

The Mandate of Heaven

Question 71

Chandragupta saw this as an opportunity to expand his territories, and he successfully unified all of North India. The empire flourished under the reign of his grandson Ashoka. learned to divide areas into provinces, with governors, taxes, and army. One man ruled most of India during the founding of Buddhism:

Answer 71

Mauryan Empire:

Question 72

Meso America Classical Period. Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. Religions focused on ancestor worship buried the dead beneath their houses. 10,000 people. Raised field agriculture. built up bed and diverted waters. Plants had compact nutrition, and grew in small spaces, huge variety of plants and things to trade. Inhabited the highlands of Guatemala and the Yucatan peninsula. A Lot of limestone in the area led to building monuments. large cenotes to capture water. extensive trading and a common language.Merchants were high nobles/royal families. Developed a complex writing system. Recorded important events. Devised a form of astronomy and mathematics.

Answer 72

Maya:

Question 73

Extinction of large mammals after the final retreat of glaciers. occurred between 10,000 - 15,000 years ago. Warming climate was very unfavorable to large mammals such as woolly mammoths, mastodons, and others. Australias and Americas lost 70 -80 % of their large animal populations

Answer 73

megafaunal Extinction:

Question 74

engaged in mound building. Hopewell 200 BCE - 600 CE burial chambers. mounds formed animal shapes, or geometric figures. including canals that allowed trade to flourish. and spread throughout eastern Americas.The center of the Mississippian people was at Cahokia, today in Illinois. As many as thirty-eight thousand people were at this site—. The most obvious was the presence of about two hundred raised earth mounds.

Answer 74

Mississippian culture:

Question 75

13,500-10,500 BCE Middle east/Syria lived off wheat. Had Sickles to harvest grain, Traded with other communities. They were wealthy, and had a large trade. Climate change caused a downfall.

Answer 75

Natufian society

Question 76

settlements in the Yellow River Valley No written record. Fortified Walls, shared social and cultural practices

Answer 76

Neolithic era:

Question 77

on the african continent From 500 B.C.E. to the Common Era, moved to the the fertile middle
stretches of the Niger River due to a long drought. They brought domesticated animals agriculture, and ironworking. The most studied of these centers was the city of Jenne-jeno.
weren’t controlled by a large central state, they were urban centers without any apparent state authority. Instead, they formed clusters of economically specialized settlements around larger central towns. The most prestigious occupation was iron smithing, something this civilization was famous for

Answer 77

Niger Valley Civilization

Question 78

grand nephew of Caesar. fought for power after Caesar was killed. eventually won and ended the era of Civil wars. transformed the government to one in which all power was held by a single ruler. by taking over many offices that had been held by separate people.

Answer 78

Octavian/ Caesar Augustus:

Question 79

Coastal lowlands of Southern Mexico. Laid the foundation for all future empires.Political and Economic centralization helped spread technology culture and religion. Formed first cities in Mesoamerica. Cultivated maize, squash, and beans. had a complex trade, spread religious practice. Formed the first cities in Mesoamericas. No large Urban areas but Centers of agriculture trade and religion. long distance trade - spread their culture. Urban planning around temples. Corn, bean, and squash foundation but traded for stone, rubber, cacao, pottery.
Because rainfall was abundant didn’t have to use irrigation they practiced slash-and-burn agriculture. set aside large public areas used for ceremonial purposes, and they built temple pyramids out of stone and earth.

Answer 79

Olmecs

Question 80

these objects were used by Shamans in ancient china Used for pyronmancy
Predict the future (divination)
Late Shang Dynasty
Pieces of Turtle shell and bones

Answer 80

oracle bones

Question 81

Stone Age or old Stone Age - People used stone, bone, and other Natural products to make tools and gained food by foraging. By definition this society came before agriculture.
Consisted of: Small bands, Kinship, polygamy, families
Slow rate of population growth, Seasonally nomadic
Little to no surplus, Few personal belongings, Egalitarian, Fewer working time and more leisure hours
Followed by the Neolithic Era

Answer 81

Paleolithic era

Question 82

Herders, farmers. Followed herds, Nomadic pastoral. On the other hand, sedentary pastoral built special building/structures to house animals.This type of people learned that animal manure increased crop yields and consequently used the manure from their animals in horticulture
These kinds of people often raided resources from agricultural peoples

Answer 82

pastoralists:

Question 83

Hereditary Aristocracy of Rome, a privileged legal status, was determined by birth as members of certain families. A social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property. In the domain of the family, fathers or father-figures hold authority over women and children.

Answer 83

patricians:

Question 84

were the most important society in the Near East. An Indo-European people who settled in contemporary Iran, they infiltrated the Babylonian and Assyrian empires and eventually created an empire of their own that stretched from Anatolia all the way to India. There were three major rulers of the early Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great, Darius, and Xerxes. The ruling family was known as the Achaemenids.

Answer 84

Persians:

Question 85

Common people of Rome. Free citizens with a voice in politics but had few of the patricians political and social advantages

Answer 85

Plebeians:

Question 86

Greek term for city-state. incorporated the concept of the citizen into its institutions. Any free adult male who owned land and was not a foreigner was known as a citizen in his city-state. Citizens were allowed to participate in government institutions, and particular institutions were created to encourage that participation.

Answer 86

polis:

Question 87

texts written by individuals during and about the time period they were living in;

Answer 87

primary source: secondary source

Question 88

first Chinese empire, established the first great Chinese empire
Adopted legalist policy. Strict laws rewards, and punishments. Reduce power of Nobility. Sweeping program of centralization. All nobles moved to the capital. possession of arms outlawed. Officials administered throughout the territory. long list of regulations. penalties for inadequate preformance. First census taken. Many improvements in roads, armies, writing, great wall of China started

Answer 88

Qin dynasty

Question 89

is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns. It is one of the four sacred canonical texts of Hinduism
is the oldest known Sanskrit text. Some of its verses continue to be recited during Hindu rites of passage celebrations (such as weddings) and prayers, making it probably the world’s oldest religious text in continued use

Answer 89

Rig Veda

Question 90

a Persian empire with a ruling family known as the Seleucids. They used the ruling and administrative techniques that were set up by the Achaemenids. The idea of Greek democracy—wider participation in government—did not transfer over to the Seleucids or any of the other successor states.

Answer 90

Seleucids:

Question 91

large palaces, large temples, and altars. Military Shang King was a high Priest. Sacrificed to ancestors.

Answer 91

Shang dynasty:

Question 92

was a teacher, philosopher and spiritual leader who is considered the founder of Buddhism. He lived and taught in the region around the border of modern-day Nepal and India sometime between the 6th to 4th century B.C. was born into a wealthy family as a prince in present-day Nepal. … After six years of searching, Buddhists believe he found enlightenment while meditating under a Bodhi tree

Answer 92

Siddhartha Gautama

Question 93

Chinese Historian did not attempt to compose “objective” history but rather belonged unmistakably to the didactic Chinese tradition of history. He makes moral judgments on his characters. of the early Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220). He is considered the father of Chinese historiography a general history of China in the Jizhuanti style covering more than two thousand years beginning from the rise of the legendary Yellow Emperor and the formation of the first Chinese polity to the reigning sovereign under Emperor Wu of Han.

Answer 93

Sima Qian

Question 94

southern part of Mesopotamia – Arid climate farmers developed large-scale irrigation, which required an organized group, and allowed the population to grow.

Answer 94

Sumerians:

Question 95

worlds first city, developed the cuneiform writing system.

Answer 95

URUK

Question 96

Aztec City center of the Empire Settle by Mexica built a system of dams and dykes to drain swamp. farmed by system Chinampa

Answer 96

Tenochtitlan:

Question 97

Most powerful city in classical MesoAmerica. Central Mexico. Not in the jungle. Builders North west of the Mayan lands. population reached as high as 250000. Massive ceremonial center with the pyramid to the sun and the moon at the center. Religious and cultural center. Ethnic diversity. migration of outsiders along trade networks. Religion followed trade.

Answer 97

Teotihuacan:

Question 98

Rebirth of the soul in another human or nonhuman body 2. A reappearance or revitalization in another form; a new embodiment.
Buddhism denies there is any such soul or self in a living being, but does assert that there is a cycle of consisting of rebirth and redeath as the fundamental nature of existence.

Answer 98

transmigration of the soul

Question 99

are regarded as a major cause of rural poverty in sub-Saharan Africa because they prevent mixed farming. The land infested is often cultivated by people using hoes rather than more efficient draught animals because the disease transmitted weakens and often kills these animals. Cattle that do survive produce little milk, pregnant cows often abort their calves, and manure is not available to fertilize the worn-out soils. a similar disease to humans, called African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness

Answer 99

tsetse fly:

Question 100

the Warring States period (481/403 BCE - 221 BCE) describes the three centuries when various rival Chinese states battled viciously for territorial advantage and dominance. Ultimately the Qin state was victorious and established the first unified Chinese state. Then the three states of Han, Wei, and Zhao

Answer 100

Warring States Period:

Question 101

the pastoral people on the borders of Chinese settlements. were a confederation of nomadic peoples that lived on the eastern Asian Steppe. founded by a leader named Modu Chanyu after 209 BC. . became a dominant power on the steppes of north-east Central Asia during the 2nd century BC, and their empire lasted until the late 1st century AD. This empire centered on the region that we today know as Mongolia had a complicated relationship with the Chinese dynasties, with periods of hostilities and openly violent conflicts alternating .Took wealth from the Han Dynasty

Answer 101

Xiongnu:

Question 102

Book of documents describes the conquest over the Shang. A close relationship between heaven and the King. Decentralized feudal system. The dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history (790 years). The Dynasty made significant cultural contributions to agriculture, education, military organization, Chinese literature, music, philosophical schools of thought, and social stratification as well as political and religious innovations

Answer 102

Zhou dynasty:

Question 103

Scholars now call them foragers a term that highlights the flexibility and adaptability in their search for food. Most of what foragers ate was plants, and much of the animal protein they gathered came from what they scavenged rather than hunted directly. such as insects, shellfish, and small animals.

Answer 103

What characteristics were shared by most foraging societies?

Question 104

(see primary and secondary) flexibility and adaptability in their search for food.. Archeology is a good source but they are imprecise and are based on theory and are subject to new science or theories. Anthropology analysis of society that still are around today Problem with where they live. in the desert, societies of scarcity. DNA evidence: More calories from plants than hunting animals. Only owned what they could carry. Tremendous variety in different societies. Nothing about individuals, language, or social distinctions.

Answer 104

What kinds of evidence do we use for information about foraging peoples? What are some of the difficulties with these types of sources?

Question 105

The increase in agricultural production and technological advancements during contributed to unprecedented population growth and new agricultural practices, triggering such phenomena as rural-to-urban migration, development of a coherent and loosely regulated agricultural market, and …
Enclosure, or the process that ended traditional rights on common land formerly held in the open field system and restricted the use of land to the owner, is one of the causes and a key factor behind the labor migration from rural areas to gradually industrializing cities. It allowed population to far exceed earlier peaks
The increase in the food supply contributed to the rapid growth of population
The next stage of development was trading between markets, requiring merchants, the transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding

Answer 105

What were the causes and effects of the Agricultural Revolution?

Question 106

the process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social and cultural development and organization.
the society, culture, and way of life of a particular area.
comes from the Latin word civis meaning someone who lives in a town. … is generally an advanced stage of organization. That means it has laws, culture, a regular way of getting food and protecting the people.

Answer 106

What does the term civilization mean?

Question 107

the presence of geographic boundaries and political institutions.
an economy that produces food surpluses. a concentration of population in distinct areas or cities.the existence of social classes.
developed systems of religion, learning, art, and architecture.a system of record keeping.
technology.

Answer 107

What are the main characteristics of civilizations,

Question 108

For a group of people to be classified as this term, they:
- MUST HAVE: Surplus agricultural production
- Large settled urban areas (cities)
- Complex division of labor
- organized into political and religious hierarchies
- Some people have more power than others
- Regional and long-distance commercial networks (TRADE)
- Local and long-distance
- Cultural/intellectual activities (writing?)
- Writing for record keeping
Example: Hammurabi, Harappans, Egypt, etc.
Often synonymous with “civilization”

Answer 108

Complex society

Question 109

Cities depended largely on food produced by the surrounding countryside while people in cities carried out other tasks. Complex division of labor, enforced through laws, taxes, bureaucracies backed by armed forces. Social and gender hierarchies became more complex. First Mesopotamia, then Egypt, then India, and china. Dense population, need specialized industry to solve problems.

Answer 109

What kinds of problems did cities face that agricultural villages did not?

Question 110

Ancient Athens had a social hierarchy that consisted of the Upper Class, the Middle Class, the Metics, and the Slaves.
Both political and religious organizations helped to create and reinforce social hierarchies, which are clear distinctions in status between individual people and between different groups. Political leaders could make decisions that impacted entire societies, such as whether to go to war. Religious leaders gained special status since they alone could communicate between a society and its god or gods. In addition to these leaders, there were also artisans who provided goods and services, and merchants who engaged in the trade of these goods. There were also lower classes of laborers who performed less specialized work, and in some cases there were slaves. All of these classes added to the complexity and economic production of a city.

Answer 110

What kinds of social distinctions existed in the ancient world? What caused those distinctions? In Cities what kinds of solutions did ancient peoples employ to try to solve those problems?

Question 111

While men tend to hunt and women tend to gather, these roles often overlap. Women retain control over the food they gather. Both men and women raise children equally. Studies on other contemporary hunter-gatherer societies show a similar degree of sexual equality. Labor roles became more gendered as well. Generally, men did the majority of the fieldwork while women were relegated to child-rearing and household work. While it was looked at as the man’s duty to work outside the home or serve in the military, it was the woman’s responsibility to take care of the household. This included raising children, preparing meals, cleaning, and any other domestic duties.
and then complex societies? Across all the city-states, women didn’t have any political clout. Married women could hold some influence over their husbands regarding their political opinions. No matter which city-state you examine, the chief role of the women in Ancient Greece was to give birth to children, particularly to males.

Answer 111

What changes to gender roles came about with the development of agriculture? Why did these changes occur?

Question 112

Egypt worshipped Osiris
India believed in reincarnation
China worshiped ancestors
Cult of Osiris Osiris became the guardians of the dead, he said resurrection was for everyone. Good behavior got you rewards in heaven
Compare and contrast the religious beliefs found in Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Aryan/Vedic India, Shang China, and the Israelites/Hebrews.
All Built buildings to there gods
Elites who read or memorized verses. Common people observed.
Religion explained the unexplainable.
Little incentive to behave a certain way except to make sacrifices to the Gods
As society became more complex so did religion
Most were polythestic, animistic.
For God to do good things for you, you had to do something good for them.
Religion became an arm of the state
The first major works of literature were often religious texts, and for that reason alone it is impossible to study ancient societies without examining religion.
originally there was Great deal of diversity in religious beliefs. Religion was regional and based on communities needs and surroundings
Most societies had a priest class. Who controlled the texts, Performed rituals, spectacles for the people.

Answer 112

What are the similarities and differences between the religions of ancient societies?

Question 113

geography, His vision in the book is that geography and its impact on human material culture are fundamental, an “ultimate factor,” in explaining causality in human societies, and he makes an excellent case. While he shies away from arguing geography and materiality “determine” history and social formations, Diamond comes very close to making this argument.
food production, and the biology of immunity—dramatically influences the content of human societies and the course of history. In just one example, humans developed immunological defenses against infection over millennia based on their exposure to domesticated animals. food production, This factor gave western Eurasian peoples a tremendous immunological advantage over peoples for whom widespread domestication of animals had not been possible.
rather than human ingenuity, Diamond hopes to show the power of geography in shaping human social organization. the layouts of continents, the types of climates, the available resources, and the flow of human, plant, and animal species have tremendous consequences not just for human physiology or evolutionary biology but for the shape and content of human societies.
arguing there is a direct and causal relationship between geography and human social organization and processes. In short, geography impacts the content of history, conquest, politics, and technology.
These origins, Diamond argues, are fundamentally tied to geography, to the type of available natural flora and fauna, to the type of human movement possible over or around geographic obstacles, and to other factors.
draws on anthropology, evolutionary biology, animal physiology, linguistics, archaeology, and other fields.
Furthermore, because of the east-west arrangement of the Eurasian continent with similar climates along similar latitudes, agriculture and other developments could spread more easily. Had the peoples of the world been switched in the Late Pleistocene, Diamond argues, the results would be much the same. Those in western Eurasia had a tremendous geographic, not racial, advantage.

Answer 113

What are the four major arguments that Diamond makes to support his thesis in Guns, Germs, and Steel? A major idea of Guns, Germs, and Steel is that material factors—

Question 114

Diamond says that if we look beyond the “guns, germs, and steel” argument, common assumptions about why Europeans had those benefits have to do with greater intelligence or other notions of superiority. Based on his experiences and the emerging science that has found race has no significant impact on features such as intelligence, Diamond looks for more satisfactory, deeper, “ultimate” causes of conquest.
Here, geography plays a major role. Eurasians were not “smarter” than the peoples of New Guinea or the Americas. Instead, they benefited from human geography. The continent of Eurasia had great biotic diversity, which enabled plant and animal domestication to develop more easily and meet greater needs.
The main criticism against this book is that it neglects the impact of human agency and overemphasizes the role of geography.

Answer 114

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Diamond’s work?

Question 115

Strong , Centralized Government (Peace)
Strong trade networks and strong economy (Prosperity)
Contributions/ Ideas lasting until today (Progress)

Answer 115

What are the important characteristics of classical civilizations?

Question 116

taught followers to live ascetic lives, avoid harming any living thing, and renounce evil thoughts and actions. Will bring enlightenment

Answer 116

What are the tenets of Jainism?

Question 117

Hindu women were subject to Fathers, husbands, and sons.
Buddhism wanted to eliminate desire so women are seen as a thing men desire. Men should not delight in them.
Did not change basic patriarchal structure of religion
But women could have a spiritual life and become nuns
Buddhism does ignore the caste system. Everyone, noble and peasant, educated and ignorant, male and female, could follow the eightfold paths.

Answer 117

With the introduction of Buddhism to India, what changed about women’s lives?

Question 118

The main problem facing the Han for much of this period was those nomadic people of the central Asian interior, Likewise, they saw the expansion of China into their territory as a problem. During the transitional years between Qin and Han, while the Chinese were mainly focused towards the interior of their nation, they took the opportunity to retake the territory north of the wall.

Answer 118

What role did the Xiongnu play in the history of China during the Han dynasty?