Database - RDS, Dynamo, PostgreSQL, Aurora, MySQL, MariaDB, Elasticache Flashcards by erik MOLNAR

What is a relational database?

a traditional database that is made up like a spreadsheet with tables, rows, and fields.

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Name the database Types in AWS

SQL server Oracle MySQL Server PostgreSQL Aurora MariaDB

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Describe how a non-relational database works

collection = table document = row key value pairs - fields

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What is data warehousing?

It is used to pull in very large and complex data sets. Usutally used by management to do queries on data (such as current performance vs targets, etc.) It is used for business intelligence. Tools like Cognos, Jaspersoft, SQL Server Reporting Services, Oracle Hyperion, and SAP Netweaver.

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What is OTLP?

Online Transaction Processing

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What is OLAP?

Online Analytics Processing

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How do OLAP and OTLP differ?

They differ in terms of queries you will run. OTLP example: 2120121 -pulls up a row of data such as NAME, Date, Address to deliver to, delivery status, etc. OLAP example: Pulls in large number of records. Net profit for EMEA and Pacific for the digital record product. Sum of radios sold in EMEA Sum of radios sold in pacific Unit cost of Radio in each region Sales price of each radio Sales price - unit cost

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T or F data warehousing databases use the same type of architecture from a db perspective and infrastructure layer.

False data warehousing uses different type of architecture both from a DB perspective and infrastructure layer.

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A web server that makes it easy to deploy, operate, and scale in memory cache in the cloud is called what?

Elasticache

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T or F Elasticache improves the performance of web apps by allowing you to retrieve info from fast, managed, in-memory caches, instead of relying entirely on slower disk based databases.

True

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Name the types of Elasticache:

Memcached and Redis

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Name the two types of RDS backups for AWS:

Automated backups and DB snapshots

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_____ allows you to recover your DB to any point in time within a retention period.

Automated backups
DB Snapshots

automated backups

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These types of backups are done manually (user initiated)

Automated backups
snapshots

Snapshots

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The retention period for autometed backups can be between _____ and ___ days.

1 and 5
1 and 35
1 and 100
infinite

2) 1 and 35

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Automated backups will take a full daily snapshot and will also store

____ logs during the day

transaction

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T or F

When you do a recovery, AWS will first choose the most recent daily backup and then apply transaction logs relevant to that dayl. This allows you to do a point in time recovery down to a second, within the retention period.

True

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T or F

Automated backups are disabled by default.

False

Automated backups are enabled by default

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Where are automated backups stored?

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T or F

With automated backups, you get unlimited, free storage space in S3.

False.

You get free storage space = to the size of your DB.

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T or F

Backups are taken every time a change is made to the DB.

false.

Backups are taken within a defined window.

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T or F

During the backup window, storage IO may be suspended while your data is being backed up and you may experience elevated latency.

True

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T or F

Snapshots are stored even after you delete the original RDS instance, unlike automated backups

True

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T or F

Whenever you restore either an Automated backup or a manual snapshot, the restored version of the DB will be a new RDS instance with a new DNS endpoint.

True

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\_\_\_\_\_ allows you to have an exact copy of your DB in another AZ

multi-az

T or F AWS handles multi-AZ DB replciation for you, so when your prod DB is written to, this write will automatically be syncronized to the standby database.

True

T or F IN the evnet of planned DB maintenance, DB intance failure, or an AZ failure, RDS will auto failover to the standby so that DB ops can resume quickly without administrative intervention.

True

T or F Multi-AZ is for disaster recovery only

True

T or F Multi-AZ is also designed to improve performance

False It is not primarily used for improving performance. For performance improvement , you need read replicas.

Which DBes are types of multi-az databases: 1. SQL server 2. aurora 3. oracle 4. mysql 5. postgreSQL 6. mariaDB

All of the above

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ allow you to have a read only copy of your production DB.

read replicas

Read replicas achieve syncronization from the primary DB by using ______ replication.

asyncronous

Why would you use read replicas for your DB?

You want to use read replicas when you have very read heavy db workloads.

Read replicas are availabe for the following DBes: 1. SQL 2. mysql 3. postgreSQL 4. mariDB 5. aurora

mysql postgreSQL mariaDB aurora They are not available for SQL

T or F read replicas are used for disaster recovery, not scaling.

false read replicas are used for scaling, not DR

T or F You must have automated backups turned on in order to deploy a read replica

True

You can have up to ____ read replica copies of any DB

T or F You can have read replicas of read replicas

True, but you must watch latency

T or F read replicas share DNS endpoints

False each read replica will have its own DNS endpoint

T or F You can have read replicas that have multi-AZ

True

T or F you can create read replicas of multi-AZ source databses

True

T or F read replicas can be promoted to be their own databses

true, but it breaks replication

T or F you can't have read replicas in another region

False read relicas can be located in another region.

\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be used to significantly improve latency and throughput for many read-heavy application workloads (such as social networking, gaming, media sharing, and Q&A portals or compute intensive workloads such as recommendation engines) 1. magnetic storage 2. elasticache 3. load balancing 4. container

Elasticache

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ improves app performance by storing critical pieces of data in memory for low-latency access.

caching

T or F cached info may include the results of IO intensive DB queries or the result of computationally intensive calculations.

True

A widely adopted memory object caching system. Elasticache is protocol compliant with \_\_\_\_\_, so popular tools that you use today with existing _____ environments will work seamlessly with the service.

memcached

A popular open source in-memory key-value store that supports data structures such as sorted sets and lists. Elasticache supports master/slace replication and multi-az, which can be used to achieve cross AZ redundancy.

Redis

Because of the replication and persistence features of \_\_\_\_\_\_, elasticache manages ______ more as a relational DB.

Redis

\_\_\_\_\_\_ Elasticache clusters are managed as stateful entities tht include failover, similar to how Amazon RDS manages database failover.

Redis

Because _______ is designed as a pure coding solution with no persistence, Elasticache manages ______ nodes as a pool that can grow and shrink, similar to an EC2 ASG. Individual nodes are expendable and Elasticache provides additional capabilities here, such as auto node replacement and auto discovery.

memcached

Is object caching your primary goal, for example to offload your DB, if so, use this.... 1. memcached 2. redis

memcached

are you interested in as simple caching model as possible? if so use this.... 1. memcached 2. redis

memcached

Are you planning on running large cache nodes and require multi-threaded performance with utilization of multiple codes? if so use this.... 1. memcached 2. redis

memcached

Do you want the ability to scale your cache horizontally as you grow, if so use this.... 1. memcached 2. redis

memcached

are you looking for more advanced data types, such as lists, hashes, and sets? if so use this.... 1. memcached 2. redis

redis

does sorting and ranking data sets in memory help you, such as with leaderboards? if so, use this... 1. memcached 2. redis

redis

is persistence of your key store important? if so, use this... 1. memcached 2. redis

redis

do you want to run with multiple AWS AZ with failover? if so, use this... 1. memcached 2. redis

redis

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a fast and flexible NoSQL DB service for all apps that need consisten, single digit millisecond latency at any scale.

DynamoDB

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a fully managed DB and supports both documents and key-value data models. Its flexible data model and reliable performance make it a great fir for mobile, web, gaming, ad-tech, IoT, many other apps.

DynamoDB

T or F DynamoDB is stored on magnetic storage

False DynamoDB is stored on SSD storage

DynamoDB is spread across ___ goegraphically distinc data centers 1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5 5. 6

2. 3

Which of these is the default for DynamoDB Eventual Consistent reads Strongly consisten reads

Eventual consistent reads

DynamoDB Consistently across all copies of data is usually reached within a second. Repeating a red after a short time should return the updated data. Best read performance) 1. Eventually consistent read 2. Strongly consistent read

Eventually consistent read

DynamoDB This returns a result that reflects all writes that received a successful response prior to the read. 1. Eventually consistent read 2. Strongly consistent read

Strongly consistent read

T or F DynamoDB tables are made up of Items and Attributes Items (think of a row of data in a table) Attributes (Think of a column of data in a table)

True

T or F DynamoDB supports key-value and document data structures

True

DynamoDB The name of the data = \_\_\_\_ The data itself =\_\_\_\_\_

key value

DocDB documents can be written in: 1. JSON 2. HTML 3. HTTP 4. XML 5. JAVA

JSON HTML XML

DynamoDB stores and retrieves data based on a ______ key

primary

2 types of primary keys: \_\_\_\_\_\_ key and ____ key

partition and composite key

This Dynamo DB key is a unique attribute (userID) value of the part key is input to an internal hash function which determines the partition or physical location on which the data is stored.

partition key

T or F If you are using the partition key as your primary key, then no two items can have the same partition key.

true

DynamoDB The composite key is made up of the ____ key and the ____ key

partition and sort key

DynamoDB Primary key can be a composite key consisting of _____ key and ___ key.

primary and sort

\_\_\_key = user ID \_\_\_\_ key = timestamp of the past

partition and sort

T or F DynamoDB 2 different items may have the same partition key, but they must have a different sort key.

True

T or F DynamoDB Composite Key All items with teh same partitionkey are stored together, then sorted according to the sort key value.

True

T or F DynamoDB Composite key Allows you to store multiple items with same partition key

True

T or F DynamoDB Authentication and Access control is managed using AWS cognito

False DynamoDB Authentication and Access control is managed using AWS IAM

T or F YOu can create an IAM user within your AWS Account which has specific permissions to access and create DynamoDB tables.

True

T or F You can create an IAM role which enables you to obtain temp access keys which can be used to access DynamoDB.

true

T or F You can also use a special IAM condition to restrict user access to only their own records.

True

In SQL, and _____ is a data structure which allows you to perform fast queries on specific columns in a table. You select the columns that you want included in the ____ and run your searches on the _____ rather then on the entire dataset.

index

IN DynamoDB, there are 2 types of indexes that are supported to help speed up your DynamoDB queries: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_Secondary index \_\_\_\_\_\_Secondary index

Local and Global

DynamoDB This can only be created when you are creating your table 1. Local secondary index 2. Global secondary index

Local secondary index

DynamoDB You can't add, remove, or modify it later. 1. local secondary index 2. global secondary index

local secondary index

DynamoDB It has the same partition key as your original table 1. local secondary index 2. global secondary index

local secondary index

DynamoDB It uses a different sort key local secondary index global secondary index

local secondary index

DynamoDB it gives you a differnt view of your data, organized according to an alternative sort key local secondary index global secondary index

local secondary index

DynamoDB any queries based on this sort key are much faster using the index than the main table local secondary index global secondary index

local secondary index

DynamoDB YOu can create when you create your table, or add it later local secondary index global secondary index

global seconday index

DynamoDB different partition key as well as a different sort key local secondary index global secondary index

global secondary index

DynamoDB gives a completely different view of the data (speeds up any queries relating to this alternative pertition and sort key) local secondary index global secondary index

global secondary index

A ____ operation finds items in the table based on floor on the primary key attribute and distinct value to search for. IE: select an item where the user id = 212, will selecct all the atributes for that item, -first name, surname, email, etc.

query

T oR F Dynamo DB You can use an optional sort key name and value to refine the results of your query. ie: if your sort key is a timestamp, you cna refine the query to only select items with a time stamp of the last 7 days.

True

DB queries By default, a query returns all the attributes for the items but you can use the projection expression parameter if you want the query to only return the specific attributes you want. Ie: if you want to see the email address ranter than all the attributes.

True

T or F Query results are always sorted by the partition key

False Query results are always sorted by the sort key

T or F DB queries Numeric order - by default is in ascending order (1,2,3,4)

true

T or F Db queries ASCII characters code value

true

T or F Db queries YOu can reverse the order by setting the ScanIndexForward parameter to True

False YOu can reverse the order by setting the ScanIndexForward parameter to False

T or F DB queries by default, queries are eventually consistent

true

T or F DB queries you need to explicitly set the query to be strongly consistent

True

DB a ____ operation examines every item in the table

scan

scans return all data atributes by default? T or F

True

Use the `ProjectionExpression` parameter to refine the scan to only return the attributes you want. T or F

True

T or F Scan is more efficient than a query

False. Query is more efficient than a scan

Scan dumps the entire table, then filters out the values to provide the desired result - removing the unwanted data. T or F

True

Scna dumps add an extra step of removing the data you don't want. T or F

True

as a table grows, scan operations take longer T or F

True

Scan operations on a large table cna use up the provisioned throughput for a large table in just a single operation. T or F

True

DB queries and scans You can improve the impact of the query or scan by setting a smaller page size which uses fweer read ops. IE: set page size to return 40 items. T or F

True

DB queries and scans Larger number of smaller ops will allow other requests to succeed without throttling. T or F

True

Db queries and scans Avoid using scan ops if you can: design tables in a way that you can use the query, get, or BatchGetItem APIs. T or F

True

improving scan performance by default, s scan operation processes data sequentially in returning 1MB increments before moving on to retrieve the next 1MB of data. It can only scan one parition at a time. T or F

True

IMproving scan performance YOu can configure DynamoDB to use parallel scans instead by logically dividing a table or index into segments and scanning each segment in parallel. T or F

true

improve scan performance Best to avoid using parallel scans if your table or index is already incurring heave read/write activity from other apps. T or F

true

A scan operation finds items in a table using onlyt eh primary key attrribute T or F

False A query operation finds items in a table using onlyt eh primary key attrribute

Queries and scans You privide the secondary key name and a distinct value to search for. T or F

False You privide the primary key name and a distinct value to search for.

A scan operation examines every item in teh table. T or F

True

a scan operation returns all data attributes by default T or F

True

You cna use the projection expression parameter to refine the results of a scan or query. T or F

True

Query results are always sorted by teh sort key if there is one. T or F

True

Query operation is generally more efficient than a scan T or F

True

The following can improve scan performance: T or F Reducs the impact of a query or scan by setting a smaller page size, which uses fewer read operations. - Isolate scan operations to specific table sand segregate them from your missions critical traffic - try parallel scans, rather than the default sequential scan - avoid using scan operations, if you can, design tables in a way that you cna use the query , Get or BatchGetItem API.

True

DynamoDB provision throughput is measured in _____ units

capacity

when you create your table, you specify your requirements in terms of _____ capacity unit and ____ capacity units.

read and write

1x ____ capacity unut = 1x 1KB \_\_\_\_\_/second

write

1x _____ capcacity unit = 1x strongly consistent ____ of 4kb/second or 2x \_\_\_\_\_\_\_consisten reads of 4kb/second (default)

read, read, eventually

This is an example configuration of what? Table with 5x read capacity units and 5x write capacity units This consig will be able to perform 5x 4kb strongly consistent reads = 20kb/second twice as many eventually consistent =40kb 5x1kb writes = 5kb/second

provisioned throughput

T or F I your app reads or writes longer items, it iwll consume more capacity units and will cost you more as well.

True

T or F Strongly consistent reads calculation Your app needs to read 80 items (table rows)/ second each item is 3kb in size you need strongly consistent reads first, calculate how many read capacity units needed for each read: size of each items /4kb 3kb/4kb=.75 Rounded up to the nearest whole number, each read will need 1x read capacity unit per operation. multiplied by the number of reads per second = 80 read capacity units required.

true

If you need ______ consistent reads, you do the same calculation as stronly consistent. However as this is for ______ consistent reads, you get 2x 4kb reads/second or double the throughput of strongly consistent reads. size of each item/4kb 3kb/4kb=.75 round up to the nearest whole number, =1 multiply by the number of reads per second = 80 dicide 80 by 2, so you only need 40 read capacity units for ____ consistent reads

eventually

\_\_\_\_\_ capacity units calculation. you want to write 100 items/second each item is 512 bytes in size First calculate how many capacity units for each \_\_\_\_\_: size of each item /1kb (for _____ capacity units) 512 bytes/1kb = .05 rounded up to the nearest whole number, each ____ will need 1x ____ capacity unit per ____ operation. multiplied by the number of _____ per second = 100 ______ capacity units required

write

\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is measured in capacity units

provisioned throughput

1x ____ capacity unit = 1x 1kb \_\_\_\_\_/second

write

1 x ___ capacity unit = 1 x 4kb \_\_\_\_\_consistent ____ or 2 x 4kb _____ consistent \_\_\_\_\_/second

read, strongly, read, eventually, read

T or F In DynamoDB on demand, charged apply for reading, writing, and storing data.

True

T or F in DynamoDB, with on demand, you don't need to specify your requirement.

True

T or F DynamoDB on demand is great for unpredicatable workloads

True

WIth DynamoDB on-demand, you want to pay only for waht you use (pay per request) T or F

True

DynamoDB unknown workloads 1. on-demand capacity 2. provisioned capacity

on-demand capacity

DynamoDB you can forecast read and write capacity units 1. on-demand capacity 2. provisioned capacity

provisioned capacity

DynamoDB unpredictable app traffic 1. on-demand capacity 2. provisioned capacity

on-demand capacity

DynamoDB predictable app traffic 1. on-demand capacity 2. provisioned capacity

provisioned capacity

DynamoDB app trffic is consistent or increases gradually 1. on-demand capacity 2. provisioned capacity

provisioned capacity

DynamoDB you want to pay per use model 1. on-demand capacity 2. provisioned capacity

on-demand capacity

DynamoDB spiky, short lived peaks 1. on-demand capacity 2. provisioned capacity

on-demand capacity

This is a fully managed, clustered in-memory cache for DynamoDB

DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX)

DAX delievers up to a \_\_\_\_x read performance improvement 1. 5 2. 10 3. 20 4. 30

DAX delivers microsecond performance for millions of requests per second. T or F

True

DAX is ideal for read heavy and bursty workloads Ie: auction apps, gaming, and retail sites during black Friday promotions. T or F

True

DAX is a _____ through caching service. This means data is written to the cache as well as the back end store at the same time.

write

DAX allows you to point your DynamoDB API calls at the DAX cluster

True

IF the item you are querying is in the cache (cache hit), DAX returns the result to the application T or F

True

If the item is not available (cache miss), then DAX performs an _______ consistent get item operation against DynamoDB

eventually

retrieval of data from DAX reduces the read load on DynamoDB T or F

true

DAX may be able to reduce ______ read capacity

provisioned

DAX caters for _____ consistent reads only - so not suitable for apps that require strongly consistent reads.

Eventually

DAX is not suitable for ____ intensive apps

write

DAX is suitable for apps that do not perform many read ops T or F

False DAX is suitable for apps that do not perform many write ops

DAX is not suitable for apps that do not require microsecond response times T or F

True

T or F DAX provides in-memory caching for DynamoDB table

True

DAX is not suitable for write intensive apps or apps that require ______ consistent reads.

strongly

Elasticache is in memory cache in the cloud T or F

True

Elasticache inproves performance of web apps, allowing you to retrieve info from fast in-memory caches ratherthan slower disk based databases T or F

True

Elasticache sites between your app and the database. ie: an app frequently requesting specific product info for your best selling products. T or F

True

Elasticache takes the load off your databases T or F

True

Elasticache is good if your database is ____ heavy and the data is not changing frequently

read

Elasticache improves performance for read heavy workloads T or F

True

with elasticache, frequently accessed data is stored in memory for low-latency access, improving the overall performance of your app.

True

Elasticache is good for computer heavy workloads T or F

true

elasticache can be used to store results of IO intensive DB queries or output of the compute intensive calculations. T or F

True

Name the two types of Elasticache...

redis and memcached

Widely adopted memory object caching system 1. memcached 2. redis

memcached

open source in-memory key-value store 1. memcached 2. redis

redis

multithreaded 1. memcached 2. redis

memcached

no AZ capability 1. memcached 2. redis

memcached

supports complex data structures: sorted sets and lists 1. memcached 2. redis

redis

supports master/slave replciation and multi-AZ for cross AZ redundancy 1. memcached 2. redis

redis

what are the 2 strategies used in caching?

lazy loading and write-through

Loads the data into cache only when necessary 1. Lazy Loading 2. Write-Through

Lazy loading

if requested data is in the cache, EC returns the data to the app. 1. lazy loading 2. write-through

lazy loading

if the data is not in the cache, or has expired, EC returns a null. 1. lazy loading 2. write-through

lazy loading

Your app then fetches the data from DBs and writes tha data received into the cache so that its available next time 1. lazy loading 2. write-through

lazy loading

Lazy loading - advantage or disadvantage? Only requested data is cached: avoids filling up cache with useless data

advantage

Lazy loading - advantage or disadvantage? node failures are not fatal. a new empty node will just have a lot of cache misses initially.

advantage

Lazy loading - advantage or disadvantage? cache miss penalty: initial request query to DB writing of data to the cache.

disadvantage

Lazy loading - advantage or disadvantage? stale data - if data is only updated when there is a cache miss, it can become stale. doesn't automatically update if teh data in teh DB changes.

disadvantage

TTL = \_\_\_\_

Time to live

TTL specifies the number of seconds until the ____ (data) expires to avoid keeping stale data in teh cache

key

\_\_\_\_\_ _____ treats an expired key as a cache miss and causes the app to retreive the data from the DB and sequentially write the data into the cache with the new TTL.

Lazy loading

\_\_\_\_ does not eliminate stale data - but it helps avoid it.

TTL

\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_ adds or updates data to the cache whenever data is written to the databases.

write-through

write-through advantage or disadvantage? write penalty: every write involves a write to the cache as well as write to the DBes.

disadvantage

write-through advantage or disadvantage? data in cache is never stale

advantage

write-through advantage or disadvantage? users are generally more tolerant of additionally latency when updating data than when retrieving it.

advantage

write-through advantage or disadvantage? wasted resources if most of the data is never read

disadvantage

write-through advantage or disadvantage? If a node fails a new node is spun up, data is missing until added or updated in the database (migrate by implementing Lazy Loading inconjunction with write-through)

disadvantage

What does ACID transactions stand for?

Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable

DynamoDB transactions read or write multiple items across multiple tables as an all or nothing operation T or F

True

DynamoDB Transactions Checks for a pre-requisite condition before writing to a table T or F

True

DynamoDB TTL TTL ______ defines an expiry time for your data

attribute

DynamoDB TTL Expired items are marked for deletion T or F

true

DynamoDB TTL Great for removing irrelevant or old data: Session data event logs temporary data T or F

True

DynamoDB TTL Reduces cost by automatically removing data when is no longer relevant

True

Session data table TTL expressed as _____ time

epoch

session data table expiration is set for ____ hours after the session began 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5

session data table when the current time is greater than the TTL, the item will be expired and marked for deletion. T or F

True

session data table you can't filter out expired items for your queries and scans

false you can filter out expired items for your queries and scans

DynamoDB Streams These are Time ordered sequence of item level modifications (insert, update, delete) T or F

True

DynamoDB Streams Logs are encrypted at rest and stored for 24 hours T or F

True

DynamoDB Streams Accessed using a dedicated endpoint T or F

True

DynamoDB Streams By default the Secondary Key is recorded before and after images can be captured T or F

False By default the Primary Key is recorded

Processing DynamoDB Streams Events are recorded in near real time T or F

True

Processing DynamoDB Streams Apps can take actions based on contents T or F

True

Processing DynamoDB Streams Event source for Lambda T or F

True

Processing DynamoDB Streams Lambda polls the DynamoDB stream T or F

True

Processing DynamoDB Streams Executes Lambda code based on a DynamoDB treams event T or F

True

DynamoDB streams is stored for 24 hours only T or F

True

Processing DynamoDB Streams Can be used as an event source for Lambda so you can create apps which table actions based on your events in your DynamoDB table. T or F

True

ProvisionedThroughputExceededException You request rate is too hight for the readwrite capacity provisioned on your DynamoDB table T or F

True

ProvisionedThroughputExceededException -SDK will automatically retry the request until successful T or F

True

ProvisionedThroughputExceededException If you are not using teh SDK, you can: - Reduce request frequency - Use 'Exponential Backoff' T or F

True

What is exponential Backoff? -many components in a network can generate errors due to being overloaded T or F

True

What is exponential Backoff? In addition to simple retries, all AWS SDKs use 'Exponential Backoff' T or F

True

What is exponential Backoff? Progressively longer waits between consecutive retries ie: 50ms, 100ms, 200ms... for improved flow control T or F

True

What is exponential Backoff? If after 1 min this doesn't work, your request size may be exceeding the throughput for your read/write capacity

True

T or F If you use a ProvisionedThroughputExceeded Error, this means the number of requests is too low.

False ## Footnote If you use a ProvisionedThroughputExceeded Error, this means the number of requests is too high.

T or F Exponential Backoff improves flow by retrying requests using progressively longer waits.

True