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Database Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is data?

A

raw facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user.

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2
Q

What is information?

A

The result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. Information consists of transformed data and facilitates decision making.

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3
Q

What is knowledge?

A

The body of information and facts about a specific subject.

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4
Q

Key points about data and information

A
  • Data constitutes the building blocks of information.
  • Information is produced by processing data.
  • Information is used to reveal the meaning of data.
  • Accurate, relevant , and timely information is the key to good decision making.
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5
Q

What is data management?

A

A process that focuses on data collection, storage, and data collection, storage, and retrieval.

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6
Q

What is a database?

A

A shared integrated computer structure that houses a collection of related data.

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7
Q

What is metadata?

A

Data about data; that is, data about data characteristics and relationships.

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8
Q

What is a database management system (DBMS)?

A

The collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.

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9
Q

Role and Advantages of the DBMS

A
  • Improved data sharing
  • Improved data security
  • Better data integration
  • Minimized data inconsistency ( Data inconsistency is a condition in which different versions of the same data yield different results.
  • Improved data access.
  • Improved decision making
  • Increased end - user productivity
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10
Q

Types of databases

A
  • Single-user database - supports only one user at a time.
  • Desktop database - single user DB that runs on a PC.
  • Multiuser database- supports multiple users at the same time.
  • Workgroup database - A multiuser DB that usually supports fewer than 50 users/ used for a specific department in an organization.
  • Enterprise database - overall company data representation, which provides support for present and expected future needs.
  • Centralized database - DB located at a single site.
  • Distributed database - A logically related DB that is stored in two or more physically independent sites.
  • Cloud Database - A DB that is created and maintained using cloud services(Microsoft Azure/ Amazon AWS)
  • General-purpose database - A DB that contains a wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines.
  • Operational database - A DB designed primarily to support a company’s day to day operations. AKA transcational DB/ online transaction processing(OLTP) DB/ production DB.
  • Analytical database - A DB focused primarily on storing historical data and business mectrics used for tactical or strategic decision making.
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11
Q

What is the difference between unstructured data and structured data?

A

unstructured data exists in its original raw state while structured data is formatted to facilitate storage, use, and information generation.

in simple terms unstructured is raw and structured is formatted

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12
Q

Define semistructured data

A

data that has already been processed to some extent.

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13
Q

Define Extensible Markup Language(XML)

A

A metalanguage used to represent and manipulate data elements.

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14
Q

XML database

A

a DB system taht stores and manges semistructured XML data

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15
Q

Social media

A

Web and mobile technologies that enable anywhere anytime always human interactions.

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16
Q

NoSQL

A

a new generation of DBMS that is not based on traditional relational database model.

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17
Q

Database design

A

The process that yields the description of the database structure and determines the database structure and determines the database components.

18
Q

Evolution of file System data processing

A

Manual File Systems - paper and pencil systems with file folders and filing cabinets.
Comuterized File Systems - Systems that use computers and cloud storage to save data

19
Q

Data processing specialist

A

The person responsible for developing and managing a computerized file processing system.

20
Q

Field

A

A character or group of that has a specific meaning

21
Q

Record

A

A logically connected set of one or more fields that describe a person, place, or thing.

22
Q

File

A

A collection of related records

23
Q

Problems with File System Data Processing

A
  • Lengthy development times
  • Difficulty of getting quick answers.
  • Complex System administration
  • Lack of security and limited data sharing
  • Extensie programming
24
Q

Structural dependence

A

A data characteristic
in which a change in
the database schema
affects data access, thus
requiring changes in all
access programs.

25
Structural indepedence
A data characteristic in which changes in the database schema do not affect data access.
26
Data Type
Defines the kind of values that can be used or stored
27
Data dependence
A data condition in which data representation and manipulation are dependent on the physical data storage characteristics.
28
Data independence
A condition in which data access is unaffected by changes in the physical data storage characteristics.
29
Logical data format
The way a person views data within the context of a problem domain.
30
island of information
In the old file system environment, pools of independent, often duplicated, and inconsistent data created and managed by different departments.
31
Data redundancy
Exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places.
32
Consiquences of unctrolled data redundancy
- Poor data security - Data inconsistency - Data entry errors - Data integrity problems
33
Data integrity
a condition in which the data in the database complies with all entity and referential integrity constraints
34
Data anomaly
A data abnormality in which inconsistent changes have been made to a database. For example, an employee moves, but the address change is not corrected in all files in the database
35
Database System
An organization of components that defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, and use of data in a database environment ## Footnote The Five Components are Hardware, Software, People, Procedures, Data.
36
Data dictionary
- A DBMS component that stores metadata , data about data. The data dictionary contains data defenitions as well as data characteristicss and relationships.
37
DBMS Functions
- Data dictionary management - The DBMS stores definitions of data elements and their relationships(metadata) in a data dictionary. - Data storage management - The DBMS creates and manges the complex structures required for data storage - Data transformation and presentation - The DBMS transforms entered data to conform to required data structures. - Security Management - The DBMS creates aa security system that enfources user security and data privacy - Multiuser access control - To provide data integrity and data consistency, the DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure that multiple users can access the database concurrently without compromising its integrity. - Backup and recovery management - The DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure data safety and integrity. - Data integrity management - The DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules, thus minimizing data redundancy and maximizing data consistency. - Database access languages and application programming interfaces - The DBMS provides data access through a query language. - Database communication interfaces - A current-generation DBMS accepts end-user requests via multiple, different network environments.
38
Performance tuning
Activities that make a database perform more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed
39
Query language
A nonprocedural language that is used by a DBMS to manipulate its data.
40
Structured Query Language (SQL)
A powerful and flexible relational database language composed of commands that enable users to create database and table structures, perform various types of data manipulation and data administration, and query the database to extract useful information
41
Disadvantages of a DBMS
- Increased costs - Management complexity - Mainataing currency - Vendor dependence - Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles.
42
Database Career Opportunities
Database Developer Database Designer Database administrators Database Analyst Database Architect Database Consultant Database Security officer Cloud computing data architect data scientist

information systems 2 (2 decks)

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