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Database Class > Database Class Vocab > Flashcards

Database Class Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Integrated Database

A

A collection of related data that can be used simultaneously by many departments and users in an enterprise.

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2
Q

Enterprise

A

Typical database is a large one belonging to a business or organization

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3
Q

Metadata

A

Data about data

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4
Q

Concurrent use

A

A database system allows several users to access the database concurrently. Answering different questions from different users with the same (base) data is a central aspect of an information system

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5
Q

Query

A

A database query is a piece of code (a query) that is sent to a database in order to get information back from the database. It is used as the way of retrieving the information from database A database

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6
Q

End User

A

People who use the data to perform their jobs

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7
Q

Data redundancy

A

The redundancy or multiple copies of data

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8
Q

Data Consistency

A

Consistency states that only valid data will be written to the database.

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9
Q

Integrity constraint

A

Ensures accuracy and consistency of data is kept in a relational database

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10
Q

Data Encryption

A

(computer science) the encryption of data for security purposes.

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11
Q

Economy of Scale

A

The saving in cost of production that is due to mass production

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12
Q

Backup

A

The activity of copying files or databases so that they will be preserved in case of equipment failure or other catastrophe.

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13
Q

Recovery log

A

A database recovery log keeps a record of all changes made to a database, including the addition of new tables or updates to existing ones. This log is made up of a number of log extents, each contained in a separate file called a log file.

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14
Q

User view

A

A way of portraying information in a database

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15
Q

Semantic model

A

Attempts to capture the meaning of the data it represents.

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16
Q

SQL

A

Structured Query Language

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17
Q

XML

A

Extensible Markup Language. The need to exchange data between these internet-based resources led to the adaption of Extensible Markup Language.

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18
Q

Data mining

A

A process of analyzing the data statistically to enable the organization to unearth the trends that may be present in its own records.

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19
Q

Record

A

One row of data.

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20
Q

Field

A

A specific column of data.

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21
Q

Back End data

A

Information structure or application, e.g. database.

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22
Q

Front End data

A

The interface that allows a user to access the information or application.

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23
Q

operational data

A

Since thedatabase contains data about the organization’s operations (called operational
data) that is used by many departments, and since it is professionally managed
by a DBA, there is an increased appreciation of the value of the data itself,

independent of the applications that use it.

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24
Q

resource

A

any asset that is of value to an organization and that incurs costs

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25
Q

data

A

refers to the bare facts recorded in the database.

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26
Q

Information

A

processed data that is in a form that is useful for making decisions

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27
Q

enterprise

A

the organization for which the database is designed

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28
Q

miniworld or a universe of discourse

A

The part of the real world that will be represented in the database

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29
Q

conceptual model

A

forms the second level of data discussion

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30
Q

entities

A

persons, places, events, objects, or concepts about which we collect data

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31
Q

entity sets

A

group similar entities

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32
Q

attributes

A

characteristics or properties to describe the entity and thatthe organization considers important

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33
Q

relationships

A

associations with other entities

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34
Q

logical model

A

The structure of the database, called the logical model of the database, is the

third level of discussion

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35
Q

intension

A

The logical model is also called the intension of the database, and it is relatively permanent

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36
Q

database schema

A

written description of the logical model

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37
Q

schema evolution

A

The schema may change occasionally if new data needs arise

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38
Q

metadata

A

data about data

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39
Q

record type

A

equivalent representation, such as a class

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40
Q

data item types

A

represents an attribute of an entity

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41
Q

data item

A

smallest named unit of stored data

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42
Q

data aggregates

A

Data items are sometimes grouped together to form data aggregates, which are named groups of data items within a record

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43
Q

record

A

a named collection of related data items and/or data

aggregates

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44
Q

data dictionary

A

Information about the logical structure of the database is stored in a DBMS also called a data directory or system catalog

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45
Q

data instances

A

The fourth level of discussion concerns actual data in the database itself. It

consists of data instances or occurrences

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46
Q

file

A

(sometimes called a data set) is a named collection of record occurrences

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47
Q

database

A

may be thought of as a named collectionof related files

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48
Q

extension

A

The data stored in the database at a given moment is called anextension of the database, or a database instance or database state

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49
Q

valid state

A

which means it should satisfy all the constraints specified in the schema

50
Q

data sublanguage

A

The language that is used to describe a database to a DBMS

51
Q

A data sublanguage consists of two parts:

A

A data sublanguage consists of two parts: a data definition language (DDL) and a data manipulation language (DML

52
Q

host program

A

general purpose language program in, for example, C, C++, C#, Java, COBOL, Fortran, or Ada.

53
Q

prototype

A

implementing a test environment or program

54
Q

CASE

A

(Computer-Aided Software Engineering)packages include various tools for system analysis, project management, and

design that can be very useful in the database design process

55
Q

Project management software

A

another type of tool that can be applied effectively to database development

56
Q

integrated data dictionary or system catalog

A

If the data dictionary is part of the DBMS, itis referred to as an integrated data dictionary or system catalog

57
Q

freestanding

A

If the data dictionary is available without a particular DBMS

58
Q

synonyms

A

different names for the same item

59
Q

homonyms

A

identical names for different data items

60
Q

There are usually several types of graphs and charts available, such as

A

Gantt charts and PERT charts, which are similar

61
Q

external level

A

The way users think about data is called the external level

62
Q

internal level

A

Theinternal level is the way the data is actually stored using standard data

structures and file organizations.

63
Q

The external level consists of many different

A

The external level consists of many different external views or external

models of the database

64
Q

virtual

A

Some views might include virtual or calculated data, data not actually stored as

such, but created when needed.

65
Q

external record

A

record as seen by a particular user, a part ofhis or her external view

66
Q

The external views are described in

A

The external views are described in external schemas (also calledsubschemas) that are written in the data definition language (DDL)

67
Q

The logical schema is a

A

The logical schema is a complete description of the information content of the

database

68
Q

The DBMS uses the logical schema to create the

A

logical record interface

69
Q

The process of abstraction, which means

A

The process of abstraction, which means identifyingcommon properties of a set of objects rather than focusing on details, is used to

categorize data

70
Q

The internal level covers

A

The internal level covers the physical implementation of the database. It
includes the data structures and file organizations used to store data on physical

storage devices.

71
Q

internal schema

A

The internal schema, written in DDL, is a complete description of the internal model

72
Q

internal record

A

An internal record is a single storedrecord. It is the unit that is passed up to the internal level

73
Q

stored record interface

A

stored record interface is the boundary between the physical level, for which the operating
system may be responsible, and the internal level, for which the DBMS is

responsible

74
Q

physical record interface

A

physical record interface, which is a lower boundary where storage details,

such as exactly what portion of what track contains what data, are hidden

75
Q

external/logical mapping

A

tells the DBMS which objects on the logical level correspond to which objects in a particular user’s external view

76
Q

logical/internal mapping

A

logical/internal mapping gives thecorrespondence between logical objects and internal ones, in that it tells how the

logical objects are physically represented

77
Q

data independence

A

means that upper levels are unaffected by changes to lower levels

78
Q

There are two kinds of data independence:

A

logical and physical

79
Q

A data model is a

A

A data model is a collection of tools often including a type of diagram and

specialized vocabulary for describing the structure of the database

80
Q

semantic model

A

The Entity-Relationship model is an example of a semantic model. Semantic
models are used to describe the conceptual and external levels of data, and are

independent of the internal and physical aspects

81
Q

Now we also define a relationship set as

A

a set of relationships of the same type, and we add the fact that relationships

themselves might have descriptive attributes.

82
Q

The relational model is an example of a

A

The relational model is an example of a record-based model, one that
essentially pictures what the logical records will look like. Record-based models
are used to describe the external, logical, and to some extent the
internal levels of the database

83
Q

Two older record-based models are the

A

Two older record-based models are the network and thehierarchical models mentioned ¡n Section 1.6. They are primarily of historic

interest, since they are no longer widely used for developing new databases.

84
Q

object

A

It is based on the notion of anobject, which, like an entity, is a representation of some person, place, event, or

concept in the real world that we wish to represent in the database.

85
Q

While entities have only attributes, objects have both a

A

state and a behavior

86
Q

class

A

A class is similar to an entity set and consists of the set of objects having the

same structure and behavior

87
Q

The object-oriented model uses

A

The object-oriented model uses encapsulation,incorporating both data and functions in a unit where they are protected from

modification from outside

88
Q

Every object in a database must have a unique

A

Every object in a database must have a unique object identifier that functions as a permanent primary key

89
Q

Entity-relationship

A

The entity-relationship model uses E-R diagranis to represent an enterprise

schema, a conceptual level description that is independent of any DBMS

90
Q

E-R diagrams

A

The entity-relationship model uses E-R diagranis to represent an enterprise

schema, a conceptual level description that is independent of any DBMS

91
Q

Entity types

A

Entities are categorized into entity types, and a collection of entitiesof the same type forms an entity set

92
Q

Entity set

A

Entities are categorized into entity types, and a collection of entitiesof the same type forms an entity set

93
Q

Entity instances

A

The individual entities that belong to the set at a given moment are entity instances

94
Q

Rectangle

A

On an E-R diagram, a rectangle represents an entity set

95
Q

Attributes

A

Attributes are representations of properties of the real-world entities. They are represented as ovals on an E-R diagram

96
Q

Ovals

A

Attributes are representations of properties of thereal-world entities. They are represented as ovals on an E-R diagram

97
Q

Null

A

Null values occurwhen an entity instance is missing a value for a particular attribute

98
Q

Multivalued

A

Attributescan also be multivalued, composite, and/or derived

99
Q

Composite

A

Attributescan also be multivalued, composite, and/or derived

100
Q

Derived

A

Attributescan also be multivalued, composite, and/or derived

101
Q

Superkey

A

A superkey is an attribute set that uniquely identifies entity instances.

102
Q

Candidate key

A

A minimal superkey, one with no proper subset

that is also a superkey, is called a candidate key

103
Q

Primary key

A

The primary key of anentity is the candidate key that the designer chooses for unique identification

104
Q

Alternate keys

A

The other candidate keys can become alternate keys

105
Q

Secondary key

A

A secondary key, whichprovides another way to access records, might or might not have unique values

106
Q

Composite key

A

A composite key is one that has more than one attribute. No attribute of a

primary key can have null values

107
Q

Relationship

A

A relationship is an association or interaction between entities

108
Q

Relationship set

A

A relationshipset consists of all relations of a given relationship type

109
Q

Degree

A

Relationships have adegree, which is the number of entity instances in each occurrence of the

relationship

110
Q

Binary

A

Relationships may be binary, linking two entities, ternary, linkingthree entities, or n-ary, linking n entities.

111
Q

Ternary

A

Relationships may be binary, linking two entities, ternary, linking three entities, or n-ary, linking n entities.

112
Q

n-ary

A

Binary relationship instances can berepresented as ordered pairs, ternary instances as ordered triples, and n-ary

instances as ordered n-tuples of entity instances

113
Q

Diamond

A

A diamond is used torepresent a relationship set on an E-R diagram

114
Q

Cardinality constraints

A

Relationships have cardinalityconstraints, which specify how many entity instances may be related in the

entire relationship set

115
Q

Participation constraints

A

Relationships also have participationconstraints, which can be total, indicating that all members of the entity
set must participate in the relationship, or partial, if not all members have to

participate.

116
Q

Total

A

Relationships also have participationconstraints, which can be total, indicating that all members of the entity
set must participate in the relationship, or partial, if not all members have to

participate.

117
Q

Partial

A

Relationships also have participationconstraints, which can be total, indicating that all members of the entity
set must participate in the relationship, or partial, if not all members have to

participate.

118
Q

Recursive

A

If a relationship is recursive, i.e., defined on a single entity set, or if two
entity sets are related in more than one way, the role or function an entity

plays in a relationship can be identified

119
Q

Role

A

If a relationship is recursive, i.e., defined on a single entity set, or if two
entity sets are related in more than one way, the role or function an entity

plays in a relationship can be identified

120
Q

Existence dependent

A

An entity is existence dependent on another if it cannot exist in the database

without a corresponding instance of the other entity

121
Q

Weak

A

A weak entityis shown on an E-R diagram within a double rectangle with its identifying

relationship shown as a double diamond.

122
Q

Strong

A

If such an entity has nokey of its own, but must use the primary key attribute of the entity it depends

on, it is called weak. The entity it depends on is called strong.

Database Class (1 decks)

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