Database Basics Flashcards
1
Q
Numeric, textual, visual, or audio information that describes real world systems
A
Data
2
Q
What is collected and processed to aid in a variety of tasks such as forecasting weather, analyzing financial investments and tracking the global spread of pandemics?
A
Data
3
Q
Name three ways data can vary.
A
1) Scope
2) Format
3) Access
4
Q
What is the term for the amount of data produced and collected?
A
Scope
5
Q
What is the term for the concept that data may be produced as numbers, text, images, audio, or video?
A
Format
6
Q
What is the term for the concept that some data sources are private while others are made publicly available?
A
Access
7
Q
Historically, data was blank.
A
Analog
8
Q
Historically where were data images stored?
A
Celluloid tapes
9
Q
Today, data is mostly blank, encoded as zeros and ones on electronic and magnetic media.
A
Digital
10
Q
The shift from analog to digital in data facilitated the rise of what?
A
Large computer databases
11
Q
What website provides thousands of US government data sets?
A
data.gov
12
Q
What website allows users to find and publish data sets?
A
kaggle.com
13
Q
What website provides data sets in aerospace and other related sciences?
A
data.nasa.gov
14
Q
Data relationships are often represented in a graphical format called what?
A
Visualization
15
Q
What website collects and reports data info relative to cancer?
A
cancer.gov/research
16
Q
What website collects data by the New York City government to support continuous monitoring and improvements to NYC and residents’ health.
A
opendata.cityofnewyork.us
17
Q
What is a collection of data in a structured format that can be stored on paper and even clay tablets?
A
database
18
Q
Modern what are stored on computers?
A
databases
19
Q
What ensures that similar data is stored in a standardized manner?
A
Structure
20
Q
Many modern databases contain how many bytes of data and support thousands of simultaneous users?
A
trillions
21
Q
A blank, or a blank, is software that reads and writes data in a database, ensures data is secure, internally consistent, and available at all times?
A
Database system, or database management system (DBMS)
22
Q
What is a request to retrieve or change data in a database?
A
Query
23
Q
What is a specialized programming language, designed specifically for database systems?
A
Query language
24
Q
What is a software that helps business users interact with database systems since databases are complex. and many users don’t know query languages?
A
A database application
25
What is organized into layers meaning an application interacts with a query language on one layer while the query language interacts with a database system on another layer?
Database software
26
What is the term for a software application that manages corporate data for a specific business functions. It usually includes a database system as well as a user interface, business logic, and interacts with other systems?
Information management system
27
What is the term for the person responsible for securing the database system against unauthorized users, enforces procedures for user access and database availability?
Database administrator
28
Who determines the format of each element and the overall database structure?
Database designer
29
Who develops computer programs that utilize a database, writing applications that combine database query language and general-purpose programming languages?
Database programmer
30
Who is a consumer of data in a database? They request, update, or use stored data to generate reports or information.
Database user
31
What requirement helps when many users and apps simultaneously access large databases, query response time degrades rapidly.
Performance
32
Database systems maintain what by structuring data properly on storage media and processing queries efficiently?
Fast response times
33
What states that many database users should have limited access to specific tables, columns or rows of a database?
Authorization
34
Database systems blank individual users to access specific data.
Authorize
35
What aspect of database systems ensure authorized users only access permissible data?
Security
36
Database systems also protect against who by encrypting data and restricting access?
Hackers
37
Database systems ensure data is consistent with blank and blank rules.
Structural and business
38
Computers, Database systems, and individual transactions occasionally blank.
fail
39
Database systems must blank from failures and restore the database to a consistent state without loss of data.
Recover
40
What interprets queries, creates a plan to modify the database or retrieve data, and returns the query results to the application
Query processor
41
What is a particularly challenging requirement for database systems?
Transaction management
42
A what is a group of queries that must either be completed or rejected as a whole?
Transaction
43
Execution of some, but not all, queries results in what?
Inconsistent or incomplete data
44
When processing transactions database systems must do what three things?
1) process transactions completely or not at all
2) prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions
3) ensure transaction results are never lost
45
The blank of a database system describes the internal components and the relationship between components?
Architecture
46
Name the five common components of a database system
Query processor
Storage manager
Transaction manager
Log
Catalog
47
What performs query optimization to ensure the most efficient instructions are executed to the data?
Query processor
48
What translates the query processor instructions into low-level file system commands that modify or retrieve data?
Storage manager
49
Database sizes range from what to what do the storage manager used indexes to quickly locate data?
Megabytes terabytes
50
What ensures transactions are properly executed?
Transaction manager
51
What prevents conflicts between concurrent transactions?
Transaction manager
52
What restores the database to a consistent state in the event of a transaction system failure?
Transaction manager
53
What is a file containing a complete record of all insert, updates, and deletes processed by the database?
Log
54
What writes log records before applying changes to the database?
Transaction manager
55
In the event of a failure, the transaction manager uses what to restore the database?
Log records
56
The what also known as what is a directory of tables, columns, indexes, and other database objects
Catalog
Data dictionary
57
Other database components use what to process and then execute queries?
Catalog information
58
What is the term for data about databases, such as column names and the numbers of rows in each table?
Metadata
59
Database systems store metadata where and use metadata to do what?
Catalog
Process queries
60
Most leading database systems are blank.
Relational
61
A blank stores data in tables, columns and rows, similar to a spreadsheet.
Relational database
62
All data in a what has the same format?
Column
63
All data in a what represents a single object.
Row
64
All relational database systems support what?
SQL
65
What does SQL stand for?
Structured query language
66
What includes statements that read and write data, create and delete tables, and administer the database system?
SQL
67
Blank databases are ideal for databases that require an accurate record of every transaction.
Relational
68
What is the term for massive volumes of data?
Big data
69
The newer non-relational systems are called blank meaning blank and are optimized for big data.
NoSQL
Not only SQL
70
Blank software is software that anyone can inspect, copy, and modify with no licensing fee
Open source
71
A blank is a command for a database that typically inserts new data, retrieves data, updates data or deletes data from a database.
Query
72
A what is a computer programming language for writing database queries.
Query language
73
What does CRUD stand for
Create, Read, Update, Delete
74
What inserts new data into the database?
Insert query
75
What retrieves information from the database?
A select query
76
What changes existing data in the database?
An update query
77
What removes data from the database?
Delete query
78
Who sponsors the SQL standard?
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International organization for standardization (ISO)
79
Who developed SQL in the 1970s?
IBM
80
All relational databases support what?
SQL
81
What SQL statement creates a new table by specifying the table and column names?
CREATE TABLE
82
In a create table query, each column is assigned a what?
Data type
83
What stores integer values?
INT
84
What stores fractional number values?
DECIMAL
85
What stores textual values?
VARCHAR
86
What stores year, months, and day?
DATE
87
Some data types are followed by one of two numbers in parentheses indicating the what of the data type?
Size
88
A what is a specification of database objects such as tables, columns, data types, and indexes?
Database design
89
What refers to the process used to develop the specification?
Database design
90
For large, complex databases, database design has what three phases?
1) Analysis
2) Logical Design
3) physical design
91
The blank phase specifies database requirements without regard to a specific database system.
Analysis
92
Blank are represented as entities, relationships, and attributes.
Requirements
93
A blank is a person place activity or thing?
Entity
94
A blank is a link between entities.
Relationship
95
A blank is a descriptive property of an entity
Attribute
96
Blank has many alternative names like conceptual design, entity-relationship modeling, and requirements definition
Analysis
97
Entities, relationships, and attributes are depicted in what?
ER diagrams
98
In an ER diagram, blank represent entities
Rectangles
99
In an ER diagram, blank represent relationships
Line between rectangles
100
In an ER diagram, text inside rectangles and below entity names represent what?
Attributes
101
The blank phase implements database requirements in a specific database system
Logical desigb
102
For relational database systems, logical design converts entities, relationships and attributes into what, what, and what?
Tables, keys, and columns
103
A blank is a column used to identify rows of a table
Key
104
The logical design is depicted in what that is similar to ER diagrams, but more detailed
Table diagram
105
In a table diagram, what represents tables?
Rectangles
106
In a table diagram, what appears at the top of rectangles
Table name
107
In a table diagram, text within rectangles and below table names represent what?
Columns
108
In a table diagram, what indicates key columns
A solid bullet
109
In a table diagram, blank indicate columns that refer to keys?
Empty bullets
110
The logical design, as specified in SQL, and depicted in a table diagram, is called a what?
Database schema
111
The what phase adds indexes and specifies how tables are organized on storage media?
Physical design
112
Physical design is specified with sql statements such as blank and, like logical design, is specific to a database system
CREATE INDEX
113
In relational databases, logical design affects the query blank while physical design affects the query blank?
Results
Processing speed
114
What is the principle that physical design never affects query results called?
Data independence
115
Blank allows database designers to tune query performance without changes to application programs?
Data independence
116
When database designers modify indexes or row orders, applications run faster or slower but always blank.
Generate the same results
117
Blank is a major advantage of relational databases and contributed to rapid adoption of relational tech in the 1980s
Data independence
118
Blank is the implementation of requirements as tables, keys, and columns in a specific database system
Logical design
119
Blank is the overall process of determining and implementing database requirements
Database design
120
Blank is the specification of database requirements without regard to implementation
Analysis
121
Blank affects query performance but not query results
Physical design
122
What term is synonymous with data independence
Information independence
123
Because of what, relational database applications can be programmed before physical design is in place
Data independence
124
SQL is the standard relational query language but lacks important blank
Programming features
125
To write a database program, sql is usually combined with a what?
General purpose programming language
126
To simplify the use of sql with a general purpose language, database programs typically use a what?
Application programming interface (API)
127
A blank is a library of procedures or classes that links a host programming language to a database.
Application programming interface (API)
128
In an API, the host language calls what, which handle details such as connecting to the database, executing queries, and returning results?
Library procedures
129
Blank help bridge the gap between sql and host languages
Cursors
130
Blank is a leading relational database system sponsored by Oracle
MySQL
131
MySQL runs on all major blank.
Operating systems
132
Name the two MySQL editions
1) MySQL community, commonly called MySQL Server
2) MySQL Enterprise
133
Which MySQL edition is free for non-commercial apps?
MySQL community or MySQL server
134
The MySQL blank is a text interface included in the MySQL server download that allows developers to connect to the database server, perform administrative functions, and execute SQL statements
Command-Line Client
135
Some developers prefer to interact with MySQL server via a blank.
Graphical user interface
136
Blank is installed in MySQL server and allows developers to execute sql commands using an editor.
MySQL workbench
137
MySQL workbench shows the navigator sidebar with two tabs. Name them.
Administration
Schemas
138
The blank tab of the MySQL workbench shows various administrative options, like checking the server’s status, importing:exporting data and starting /stopping g the MySQL server
Administration
139
The blank tab of the MySQL workbench shows a list of available databases. A database can be expanded to show the database’s tables
Schema
140
In the MySQL workbench, the blank panel is where users enter sql statements..
Query panel
141
In MySQL workbench, pressing the blank executes the sql statements and shows the results below the query panel.
Lightning bolt icon
142
The glossary also contains complete blanks of entities, relationships, and attributes.
descriptions
143
The description states the meaning of each entity, relationship, or attribute in blank
complete sentences
144
The description begins with the name and includes blank and blank to illustrate usage.
examples and counterexamples
145
Name the four steps of discovery
1A Identify entities, relationships, and attributes in interviews.
1B Draw ER diagram.
1C List standard attribute types in glossary.
1D Document names, synonyms, and descriptions in glossary.
146
In entity-relationship modeling, blank refers to maxima and minima of relationships and attributes.
cardinality
147
Blank is the greatest number of instances of one entity that can relate to a single instance of another entity.
Relationship maximum
148
A relationship has two maxima, one for each of the blank.
related entities
149
Maxima are usually specified as blank or blank.
one or many
150
A related entity is blank when the maximum is one and blank when the maximum is many.
singular
plural
151
On ER diagrams, maxima are shown as blank or blank.
1 or M
152
Occasionally, relationship maximum is a blank. Ex: Each employee has at most three telephone numbers in the database, and each telephone number belongs to at most one person. The Employee-Has-Telephone maxima are one-three
number greater than one
153
Blank is the least number of instances of one entity that can relate to a single instance of another entity.
Relationship minimum
154
A relationship has blank, one for each of the related entities.
two minima
155
Minima are usually specified as blank or blank
zero or one
156
A related entity is blank when the minimum is zero and blank when the minimum is one.
optional
required
157
On ER diagrams, minima are shown after maxima in blank.
parentheses Ex: M(1) or M(0).
158
Occasionally, relationship minimum is a number blank. Ex: Two forms of identification are required for customers, and each identification document belongs to only one customer. The Customer-Has-Identification minima are one-two.
greater than one
159
Blank is the greatest number of attribute values that can describe each entity instance.
Attribute maximum
160
Attribute maximum is usually specified as blank or blank.
one (singular) or many (plural).
161
Blank is the least number of attribute values that can describe each entity instance.
Attribute minimum
162
Attribute minimum is usually specified as blank or blank.
zero (optional) or one (required).
163
In ER diagrams, attribute maximum and minimum follow blank.
attribute name
164
In ER diagrams, attribute blank appears in parentheses.
minimum
165
Occasionally, attribute maximum and minimum are specified as a number rather than blank. Ex: If each person submits exactly two forms of identification, the IDNumber attribute of Person has a maximum and minimum of two.
zero, one, or many
166
Each value of a blank describes at most one entity instance.
unique attribute
167
A unique attribute is not the same as a blank
singular attribute
168
A unique attribute has at most blank for each attribute value
one entity instance
169
A singular attribute has at most one blank for each entity instance
attribute value
170
In ER diagrams, blank indicates a unique attribute and blank indicates a non-unique attribute. .
1
M
171
In ER diagrams, the unique attribute 1 or non-unique M appears before the blank
attribute maximum and minimum.
172
In some cases, individual attributes are not unique, but a blank is unique. Ex: Different airlines use the same flight number for different flights. AirlineCode and FlightNumber are not unique attributes of Flight, but the composite (AirlineCode, FlightNumber) is unique.
Composite of several attributes
173
Entities have an implicit relationship with their attributes, called blank. Attribute maximum and minimum are the cardinality of the attribute in Entity-Has-Attribute. Ex: Each vehicle has exactly one vehicle identification number, or VIN. So VehicleNumber is singular and required in Vehicle-Has-VehicleNumber.
Entity-Has-Attribute
174
An attribute is unique when the blank in Entity-Has-Attribute is singular. Ex: Each VIN describes at most one vehicle. So VehicleNumber is unique and Vehicle is singular in Vehicle-Has-VehicleNumber.
entity
175
Name the four steps to determine cardinality
2A Determine relationship maxima and minima.
2B Determine attribute maxima and minima.
2C Identify unique attributes.
2D Document cardinality in glossary and, optionally, on ER diagram
176
An blank is unique, singular, and required.
identifying attribute
177
Identifying attribute values correspond one-to-one to, or identify, blank.
entity instances
178
A blank has one or more identifying attributes
strong entity
179
When a strong entity is implemented as a table, one of the identifying attributes may become the blank.
primary key.
180
A blank does not have an identifying attribute.
weak entity
181
A weak entity usually has a relationship, called an blank, to another entity, called an blank
identifying relationship
identifying entity.
182
A weak entity's blank of the identifying entity is 1(1).
cardinality
183
In an ER diagram, an identifying relationship has a blank next to the identifying entity.
diamond
184
Cardinality of the identifying entity is always blank, so the diamond replaces the cardinality symbol.
1(1)
185
For weak entities, identifying relationships replace blank. Ex: In the animation above, If each project has at most one task, ProjectNumber identifies Task. If each project has many tasks, (ProjectNumber, TaskName) identifies Task. The second attribute, TaskName, must be blank, blank and blank within each project.
identifying attributes
singular, required, and unique
186
A weak entity is usually identified by a blank
strong identity
187
A weak entity can be identified by another blank or by several blank
weak entity
entities.
188
When a weak entity is identified by a weak entity or multiple entities, the blank may be complex.
identifying attribute
189
If each task has many subtasks, a blank such as (ProjectNumber, TaskName, SubtaskCode) identifies Subtask.
composite attribute
190
The identifying attribute of a weak entity may depend on blank and may not be apparent in the ER diagram.
business rules
191
Name the three steps of distinguishing strong and weak entitites
3A Identify strong and weak entities.
3B Determine the identifying relationship(s) for each weak entity.
3C Document weak entities and identifying relationships
in glossary and ER diagram.
192
An blank is a set of entity instances
entity type
193
A blank entity is a subset of another entity type, called the blank entity. Ex: Managers are a subset of employees, so Manager is a blank entity of the Employee blank entity.
subtype
supertype
194
On ER diagrams, subtype entities are drawn within the blank.
supertype
195
A supertype entity usually has several blank.
subtypes
196
Blank of the supertype apply to all subtypes.
Attributes
197
Attributes of a subtype do not apply to blank or the blank.
other subtypes or the supertype.
198
A supertype entity identifies its subtype entities. The identifying relationship is called an blank.
IsA relationship.
199
Since a supertype entity always identifies its subtypes, the IsA relationship is assumed and can be blank from the ER diagram.
omitted
200
Supertype and subtype entities are often created from blank and blank.
similar entities and optional attributes.
201
Blank are entities that have many common attributes and relationships.
Similar entities
202
Similar entities become blank of a new blank entity
subtypes
supertype
203
Common attributes and relationships move to the new blank. Attributes and relationships that are not shared remain with the blank.
supertype entity
Subtype entities.
204
An entity with many blank also suggests new supertype and subtype entities.
optional attributes
205
The entity with many optional attributes becomes a supertype entity and retains all blank. Optional attributes become required attributes of new blank.
Required attributes
subtype entities.
206
Creating a new blank for similar entities, or a new blank for optional attributes, is neither an automatic nor objective decision. Similar entities with many common attributes are good candidates for a blank Entities with many optional attributes are good candidates for a blank.
supertype
subtype
new supertype.
new subtype.
207
A blank of a supertype entity is a group of mutually exclusive subtype entities.
partition
208
A blank can have several partitions
supertype entity
209
Blank within each partition are disjoint and do not share instances.
Subtype entities
210
Subtype entities in different partitions blank and do share instances.
overlap
211
In diagrams, subtype entities within each partition are blank aligned. Subtype entities in different partitions are blank aligned.
vertically
horizontally
212
Each partition corresponds to an optional blank of the supertype entity.
partition attribute
213
The partition attribute indicates which blank is associated with each supertype instance.
subtype entity
214
Name the four steps of creating supertype and subtype entities
4A Identify supertype and subtype entities.
4B Replace similar entities and optional attributes with supertype and subtype entities.
4C Identify partitions and partition attributes.
4D Document supertypes, subtypes, and partitions in glossary and ER diagram.
215
Blank diagram conventions vary widely.
ER
216
Blank depicts cardinality as a circle (zero), a short line (one), or three short lines (many).
crow's foot notation
217
Some ER diagrams may depict relationship names inside a blank
diamond
218
Some ER diagrams may depict weak entities and identifying relationships with blank
double lines
219
Some ER diagrams may depict subtype entities with blank rather than inside of supertype entities.
IsARelationships
220
Some ER diagrams may use color, dashed lines, or double lines to convey blank
additional information
221
ER modeling concepts also vary. Ex: Some ER models may allow blank between three or more entities.
relationships
222
ER modeling concepts also vary. Ex: Some ER models may decompose a complex model into a group of related entities, called a blank.
subject area
223
ER modeling concepts also vary. Ex: Some ER models may refer to strong entities as blank and weak entities as blank.
independent
dependent
224
Several model conventions are standardized and widely used. Leading conventions include blank is commonly used for software development. Software data structures are similar to database structures, so blank includes ER conventions.
Unified Modeling Language, or UML,
225
Several model conventions are standardized and widely used. Leading conventions include blank stands for Information DEFinition version 1X. blank became popular, in part, due to early adoption by the United States Department of Defense.
IDEF1X
226
Several model conventions are standardized and widely used. Leading conventions include blank appeared in an early ER modeling paper by Peter Chen. blank is not standardized but often appears in literature and tools.
Chen notation
227
An blank is documented in the data model, but not tracked with data in the database. In an ER diagram, blank are distinguished with special notation, such as a dashed rectangle or distinct color.
intangible entity
228
