Data Year 2 Flashcards
What is Paget’s disease of the breast?
A type of cancer which presents as eczema of the nipple and/or areola
When do women have mammography?
Every 3 years from 50-70 years old
List 3 symptoms of mastitis
Any of: Red, hot breast Swollen breast Nipple discharge Flu like symptoms Painful breast feeding Area of hardness
List causes of gynaecomastia
Cannabis Anabolic steroids Spironolactone Digoxin Cimetidine Klinefelter’s syndrome Chronic liver disease Thyrotoxicosis Some treatments of prostate cancer Some adrenal tumours
What is a cervical ectropian?
What are the symptoms?
Where columnar epithelium protrudes through the external os of the cervix and undergoes squamous metaplasia, transforming into stratified squamous epithelium
Symptoms are mucus discharge and post coital bleeding
What are painless ‘lumps’ on the vagina likely to be?
What causes them?
Genital warts
Caused by HPV (usually types 6 and 11 which do not cause cancer)
What are risk factors for a genitourinary prolapse?
Increasing age Vaginal delivery Increasing parity Obesity Previous hystorectomy
What is a urethrocele?
What is a cystocele?
What is a rectocele?
What is an enterocele?
Urethrocele- urethra prolapse into the vagina
Cystocele- bladder prolapse into the vagina
Rectocele- rectum prolapse into the vagina
Enterocele- herniation of pouch of Douglas into the vagina
What is the difference between a nulliparous cervical os and multiparous cervical os?
Nulliparous- round opening
Multiparous- linear/slit opening
Cervical screening- when does it start and how frequently?
25yrs old
Providing everything ok, every 3 years
How many times and in which direction should you rotate the cervical smear test brush?
Rotate 360 degrees 5 times, clockwise
What can cause sub-conjunctival haemorrhage?
Any sudden increase in pressure- sneezing, coughing,
Being on aspirin, having hypertension
Trauma
What are signs/symptoms of sub-conjunctival haemorrhage?
Painless
Usually unilateral
Often a well defined bright red patch on the eye, surrounded by normal conjunctiva
What is a hyphaema?
What causes it?
Haemorrhage in the anterior chamber
Typically caused by severe blunt injury to the globe
Name causes of ptosis
Myasthenia Horner's Congenital Trauma Third nerve palsy
What is the most common cause of flame haemorrhages in the retina?
Hypertension
What causes hard exudate seen on the retina?
Protein leaking from blood vessels
What are the symptoms of detached retina?
Painless loss of sight
May have a ‘curtain’ in their vision
Flashing lights
List some clinical features of diabetic retinopathy
Neovascularisation Cotton wool spots Haemorrhages (small dot or flame) Hard exudate Microaneurysms
List some causes of anal fissures
Straining to poop Trauma Childbirth Diarrhoea Inflammatory bowel disease
What are haemorrhoids?
Enlargement of the vascular mucosal cushions in the anal canal
Where do pilonidal sinuses commonly occur?
In the natal cleft, at the top of the buttocks
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Excessive sweating Heat intolerance Increased bowel movements Tremor Nervousness/agitation Irregular/scant menstrual flow Rapid heart rate
What are clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?
Goitre/no goitre Brisk reflexes Pretibial myxoedema Exopthalmos Lid lag Chemosis Atrial fibrilation Flow murmur
Symptoms of hypothyrodism
Cold intolerance Weight gain Fatigue Dry skin Coarse hair Constipation Low mood Heavy periods
What is onycholysis
Nails lifting off the finger in thyroid disease
Describe the features of thyroid acropachy
Associated with Graves disease Clubbing of the fingers Swelling of the fingers Periosteal proliferation Usually painless
What are the causes of pneumoperitoneum?
Peptic ulcer perforation
Diverticular perforation
Bowel perforation following obstruction
Post laparoscopic surgery
What are symptoms of bowel obstruction?
Abdominal pain
Abdominal distention
Failure to pass flatus and stool
Vomiting (late stage)
What are the causes of large bowel dilatation?
Colonic cancer
Acute diverticulitis
Ischaemic stricture
What are causes of small bowel dilatation?
Adhesions Hernias Crohn's Volvulus Tumours
What is Rigler’s sign?
Air seen on both sides of the bowel wall
What is Cullen’s sign?
Blue discolouration in the preumbilical area due to haemoperitoneum
What are potential complications of a transverse lie of a baby
Prolonged labour
Shoulder dystocia
Cord prolapse
Why could a fundal height measure small for the gestation?
Abnormal lie Oligohydramniosis Foetal head engagement Small mother Human error with the tape measure
When is the 1st trimester?
2nd trimester?
3rd trimester?
1st: 1-12 weeks
2nd: 13-28 weeks
3rd: 29-delivery
What are the stages of labour?
1st stage: cervix fully efaced and dilated to 3cm and regular contractions to fully dilated cervix (10cm)
2nd stage: fully dilated cervix to delivery of baby
3rd stage: delivery of baby to delivery of placenta
What is the standard dose of folic acid recommended in first trimester?
What is the higher dose and what is the indication for this?
400micrograms Higher dose os 5mg Indicated if either parent had a neural tube defect Any previous children have neural tube defects Diabetes On treatment for epilepsy BMI >30 Coeliacs disease
Which valves close at the end of systole
Aortic and Pulmonary
Name some systolic murmurs
Aortic stenosis Aortic sclerosis Mitral regurgitation Pulmonary stenosis Tricuspid regurgitation Ventricular septal defect
What is a hernia?
The protrusion of all or part of a viscus through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
What is the difference between direct and indirect hernias
Direct hernias go through a defect in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
Indirect hernias pass through the deep inguinal ring, into the inguinal canal and out through the superficial ring
Name some complications of hernias
Strangulation Incarceration Obstruction Gangrene Irreducibility
Name 2 drugs that can affect TFTs
Amioderone
Lithium
What is hypotonia a sign of?
Lower motor neurone problem
Cerebellar problem
What is rigidity/clasp knife a sign of?
Pyramidal tracts problem
What nerve root is tested by:
Biceps reflex
Brachioradialis reflex
Triceps reflex
Biceps- C5
Brachioradialis- C6
Triceps- C7
Give causes of peripheral never damage
Trauma Tumour Ischaemia Multiple sclerosis Stroke
What is usually the first sensory modality to go with diabetic neuropathy
Vibration
