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Medicine Year 2 > Data Year 2 > Flashcards

Data Year 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the breast?

A

A type of cancer which presents as eczema of the nipple and/or areola

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2
Q

When do women have mammography?

A

Every 3 years from 50-70 years old

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3
Q

List 3 symptoms of mastitis

A 
Any of:
Red, hot breast 
Swollen breast
Nipple discharge
Flu like symptoms
Painful breast feeding
Area of hardness
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4
Q

List causes of gynaecomastia

A 
Cannabis
Anabolic steroids
Spironolactone
Digoxin
Cimetidine
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Chronic liver disease
Thyrotoxicosis
Some treatments of prostate cancer
Some adrenal tumours
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5
Q

What is a cervical ectropian?

What are the symptoms?

A

Where columnar epithelium protrudes through the external os of the cervix and undergoes squamous metaplasia, transforming into stratified squamous epithelium

Symptoms are mucus discharge and post coital bleeding

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6
Q

What are painless ‘lumps’ on the vagina likely to be?

What causes them?

A

Genital warts

Caused by HPV (usually types 6 and 11 which do not cause cancer)

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7
Q

What are risk factors for a genitourinary prolapse?

A 
Increasing age
Vaginal delivery
Increasing parity
Obesity
Previous hystorectomy
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8
Q

What is a urethrocele?
What is a cystocele?
What is a rectocele?
What is an enterocele?

A

Urethrocele- urethra prolapse into the vagina
Cystocele- bladder prolapse into the vagina
Rectocele- rectum prolapse into the vagina
Enterocele- herniation of pouch of Douglas into the vagina

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9
Q

What is the difference between a nulliparous cervical os and multiparous cervical os?

A

Nulliparous- round opening

Multiparous- linear/slit opening

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10
Q

Cervical screening- when does it start and how frequently?

A

25yrs old

Providing everything ok, every 3 years

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11
Q

How many times and in which direction should you rotate the cervical smear test brush?

A

Rotate 360 degrees 5 times, clockwise

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12
Q

What can cause sub-conjunctival haemorrhage?

A

Any sudden increase in pressure- sneezing, coughing,
Being on aspirin, having hypertension
Trauma

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13
Q

What are signs/symptoms of sub-conjunctival haemorrhage?

A

Painless
Usually unilateral
Often a well defined bright red patch on the eye, surrounded by normal conjunctiva

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14
Q

What is a hyphaema?

What causes it?

A

Haemorrhage in the anterior chamber

Typically caused by severe blunt injury to the globe

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15
Q

Name causes of ptosis

A 
Myasthenia
Horner's
Congenital
Trauma
Third nerve palsy
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16
Q

What is the most common cause of flame haemorrhages in the retina?

A

Hypertension

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17
Q

What causes hard exudate seen on the retina?

A

Protein leaking from blood vessels

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of detached retina?

A

Painless loss of sight
May have a ‘curtain’ in their vision
Flashing lights

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19
Q

List some clinical features of diabetic retinopathy

A 
Neovascularisation
Cotton wool spots
Haemorrhages (small dot or flame)
Hard exudate
Microaneurysms
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20
Q

List some causes of anal fissures

A 
Straining to poop
Trauma
Childbirth
Diarrhoea
Inflammatory bowel disease
21
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Enlargement of the vascular mucosal cushions in the anal canal

22
Q

Where do pilonidal sinuses commonly occur?

A

In the natal cleft, at the top of the buttocks

23
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A 
Excessive sweating
Heat intolerance
Increased bowel movements
Tremor
Nervousness/agitation
Irregular/scant menstrual flow
Rapid heart rate
24
Q

What are clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?

A 
Goitre/no goitre
Brisk reflexes
Pretibial myxoedema
Exopthalmos
Lid lag
Chemosis
Atrial fibrilation
Flow murmur
25
Q

Symptoms of hypothyrodism

A 
Cold intolerance
Weight gain
Fatigue
Dry skin
Coarse hair
Constipation
Low mood
Heavy periods
26
Q

What is onycholysis

A

Nails lifting off the finger in thyroid disease

27
Q

Describe the features of thyroid acropachy

A 
Associated with Graves disease
Clubbing of the fingers
Swelling of the fingers
Periosteal proliferation
Usually painless
28
Q

What are the causes of pneumoperitoneum?

A

Peptic ulcer perforation
Diverticular perforation
Bowel perforation following obstruction
Post laparoscopic surgery

29
Q

What are symptoms of bowel obstruction?

A

Abdominal pain
Abdominal distention
Failure to pass flatus and stool
Vomiting (late stage)

30
Q

What are the causes of large bowel dilatation?

A

Colonic cancer
Acute diverticulitis
Ischaemic stricture

31
Q

What are causes of small bowel dilatation?

A 
Adhesions
Hernias
Crohn's
Volvulus
Tumours
32
Q

What is Rigler’s sign?

A

Air seen on both sides of the bowel wall

33
Q

What is Cullen’s sign?

A

Blue discolouration in the preumbilical area due to haemoperitoneum

34
Q

What are potential complications of a transverse lie of a baby

A

Prolonged labour
Shoulder dystocia
Cord prolapse

35
Q

Why could a fundal height measure small for the gestation?

A 
Abnormal lie
Oligohydramniosis
Foetal head engagement
Small mother
Human error with the tape measure
36
Q

When is the 1st trimester?
2nd trimester?
3rd trimester?

A

1st: 1-12 weeks
2nd: 13-28 weeks
3rd: 29-delivery

37
Q

What are the stages of labour?

A

1st stage: cervix fully efaced and dilated to 3cm and regular contractions to fully dilated cervix (10cm)
2nd stage: fully dilated cervix to delivery of baby
3rd stage: delivery of baby to delivery of placenta

38
Q

What is the standard dose of folic acid recommended in first trimester?
What is the higher dose and what is the indication for this?

A 
400micrograms
Higher dose os 5mg
Indicated if either parent had a neural tube defect
Any previous children have neural tube defects
Diabetes
On treatment for epilepsy
BMI >30
Coeliacs disease
39
Q

Which valves close at the end of systole

A

Aortic and Pulmonary

40
Q

Name some systolic murmurs

A 
Aortic stenosis
Aortic sclerosis 
Mitral regurgitation
Pulmonary stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation
Ventricular septal defect
41
Q

What is a hernia?

A

The protrusion of all or part of a viscus through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

42
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect hernias

A

Direct hernias go through a defect in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

Indirect hernias pass through the deep inguinal ring, into the inguinal canal and out through the superficial ring

43
Q

Name some complications of hernias

A 
Strangulation
Incarceration
Obstruction
Gangrene
Irreducibility
44
Q

Name 2 drugs that can affect TFTs

A

Amioderone

Lithium

45
Q

What is hypotonia a sign of?

A

Lower motor neurone problem

Cerebellar problem

46
Q

What is rigidity/clasp knife a sign of?

A

Pyramidal tracts problem

47
Q

What nerve root is tested by:
Biceps reflex
Brachioradialis reflex
Triceps reflex

A

Biceps- C5
Brachioradialis- C6
Triceps- C7

48
Q

Give causes of peripheral never damage

A 
Trauma
Tumour
Ischaemia
Multiple sclerosis
Stroke
49
Q

What is usually the first sensory modality to go with diabetic neuropathy

A

Vibration

Medicine Year 2 (1 decks)

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