Data vs Information

Question 1

Definition of Data.

Answer 1

◦ data refers to physical and/or abstract facts about real world phenomena

◦ derived through cognitive processes: selection, generalization, synthesis

◦ result of representing, organizing, labeling, encoding and relating real world phenomena

◦ dependent on observer’s perceptions

Question 2

Definition of Information

Answer 2

Information not equivalent to data
◦ information derived from data
◦ information produced from data through use of our thought processes, intuition and knowledge

Example:
◦ An esker may be represented on a topographic map through the use of contour lines and spot elevations (lines and points).
◦ Human knowledge is required to deduce the existence of an esker (information) from the pattern of points and lines (data) on the map.

GIS provides:
◦ tools to assist with coding and organizing data in the database
◦ query and analysis functions to assist with manipulating the data to derive information

Human knowledge required for:
◦ data selection, abstraction, etc.
◦ interpretation of analysis of outputs