Data Interpretation

Question 1

Types of anaemia and causes

Answer 1

Microcytic

• Iron deficiency
• Thalassaemia

Normocytic:
Anaemia of chronic disease
Acute blood loss
Haemolytic anaemia

Macrocytic
B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Excess alcohol
Liver disease
Myeloproliferative disorders

Question 2

Causes of nuetrophilia?
Neutropenia?
Lymphocytosis?

Answer 2

Neutrophilia:
Bacterial infection
Steroids

Neutropenia
Viral infection
Chemotherapy
Clozapine
Carbimazole

Lymphocytosis
Viral infection

Question 3

Causes of thrombocytopenia

Answer 3

Reduced production:

• infection
• drugs (penicillamine)
• myeloma

Increased destruction

• heparin
• DIC
• hypersplenism

Question 4

Causes of hyponatraemia

Answer 4

Hypovolaemic:
Fluid loss
Addison’s disease
Diuretics

Euvolaemic:
SIADH
Hypothyroidism

Hypervolaemic
Heart failure
Renal failure
Liver failure
Nutritional failure

Question 5

Causes of hypernatraemia

Answer 5

Dehydraion
Drips - too much IV saline
Drugs
Diabetes insipidus (reduced ADH)

Question 6

Causes of hypokalaemia

Answer 6

Drugs (loop and thiazide diuretics)
Inadequate intake/intestinal loss
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine (Cushing’s, Conn’s)

Question 7

Causes of hyperkalaemia

Answer 7

Drugs (K sparing, ACE inhibitors)
Renal failure
Endocrine (Addison's)
Artefact
DKA