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PSA > Data interpretation > Flashcards

Data interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium

A

Normal range: 135-145 mmol/L

  • Hyponatraemia: assess patient’s fluid status (hypovolaemic, euvolaemic, hypervolaemic)
  • Hypernatraemia: D’s
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2
Q

Hypernatraemia

A
  • Drugs = IV preparations w/ high sodium content
  • Drips = too much IV saline
  • Diet = too much Na
  • Diabetes insipidus
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3
Q

Anaemia

A

Can be categorised into macrocytic, microcytic and normocytic

  • Look at Hb (if low = anaemia)
  • Look at MCV (if high - macrocytic, if normal - normocytic, if low - microcytic)
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4
Q

Microcytic anaemia

A

SLIT

  • Sideroblastic
  • Lead poisoning
  • IDA
  • Thalassemia
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5
Q

Normocytic anaemia

A

CARDPMH

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6
Q

Neutrophilia

A
  • Bacterial infection
  • Tissue damage (inflammation/infarct/malignancy)
  • Steroids
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7
Q

Neutropenia

A
  • Viral infection
  • Chemo/radiotherapy
  • Clozapine (AP)
  • Carbimazole (anti-thyroid)
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8
Q

Lymphocytosis

A
  • Viral infection
  • Lymphoma
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
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9
Q

Neutropenic sepsis

A

Pts undergoing radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are at risk of neutropenia (or pancytopenia) in response to infection
- Carries much higher mortality rate = must be given urgent IV broad spectrum abx

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10
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

1) Reduced production

2) Increased destruction

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11
Q

Reduced platelet production

A
  • Infection (usually viral)
  • Drugs = penicillamine (RA Rx)
  • Myleodysplasia, myelofibrosis, myeloma
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12
Q

Increased platelet destruction

A
  • Heparin
  • Hypersplenism
  • DIC
  • ITP
  • HUS/TTP
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13
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

May be reactive or primary

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14
Q

Reactive thrombocytosis

A
  • Bleeding
  • Tissue damage (infection/infarct/malignancy)
  • Post-splenectomy
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15
Q

Primary thrombocytosis

A

Myeloproliferative disorders

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16
Q

SIADH causes

A 
S = small cell lung tumours 
I = infection 
A = abscess
D = drugs (carbamazepine + APs)
H = head injury
17
Q

HyperK+ causes (DREAD)

A 
D = drugs (K+ sparing diuretics, ACEI)
R = renal failure 
E = endocrine (Addison's disease)
A = artefact (v. common, clotted sample, venepuncture on for too long, taken from drip arm)
D = DKA
18
Q

HypoK+ causes (DIRE)

A 
D = drugs (loop, thiazide diuretics)
I = inadequate intake/intestinal losses
R = renal tubular acidosis 
E = endocrine (Cushing's and Conn's syndrome)
19
Q

Hyponatraemia

A
  • Hypovolaemic
  • Euvolaemic
  • Hypervolaemic
20
Q

Hypovolaemic

A
  • Fluid loss (D+V)
  • Addison’s disease
  • Diuretics
21
Q

Euvolaemic

A
  • SIADH
  • Psychogenic polydipsia
  • Hypothyroidism
22
Q

Hypervolaemic

A
  • Heart failure
  • Renal failure
  • Liver failure (hypoalbuminaemia)
  • Nutritional failure (hypoalbuminaemia)
  • Thyroid failure
23
Q

Raised urea?

A
  • Kidney injury
  • Upper GI haemorrhage
  • Raised urea w/ normal Cr in a patient wh is not dehydrated (no pre-renal failure) - prompt a look at Hb (if low probably due to GI bleed)
24
Q

Types of AKI

A
  • Pre-renal
  • Renal
  • Post-renal
25
Q

Pre-renal AKI

A
  • Urea rises more than Cr
  • Dehydration/shock and renal artery stenosis
  • 70%
26
Q

Renal

A
  • Urea rises less than Cr rise
  • Bladder/hydronephrosis not palpable
  • Causes can be remembered as INTRINSIC
  • 10%
27
Q

INTRINSIC

A 
I = Ischaemia (prerenal AKI, causing ATN)
N = Nephrotoxic abx e.g. gentamycin, vancomycin, tetracyclines
T = Tablets (ACEi, NSAIDs)
R = Radiological contrast 
I = Injury (rhabdomyolysis)
N = Negatively birefringent crystals (gout)
S = syndromes (GN)
I = Inflammation (vasculitis)
C = Cholesterol emboli
28
Q

Post-renal

A
  • Urea rises less than Cr rise
  • Bladder/hydronephrosis may be palpable, depending on level of obstruction
  • Can be due to obstruction in lumen, in wall or because of external pressure
  • 20%
29
Q

Post-renal AKI - luminal causes

A
  • Stone

- Sloughed papilla

30
Q

Post-renal AKI - wall causes

A
  • Tumour (RCC, transitional cell)

- Fibrosis

31
Q

Post-renal AKI - external pressure causes

A
  • BPH
  • Prostate Ca
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Aneurysm
32
Q

LFTs

A

1) Hepatocyte injury/cholestasis - bilirbun, ALT/AST, ALP

2) Synthetic function - albumin, vit K dependent clotting factors (INR)

33
Q

Vit K dependent CFs

A

2, 7, 9, 10

34
Q

Causes of raised ALP

A 
ALKPHOS 
A - Any fracture
L - Liver damage (post-hepatic)
K - 'K'ancer
P - Paget's disease of bone/Pregnancy
H - Hyperparathyroidism
O - Osteomalacia 
S - Surgery

PSA (2 decks)

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