Data Interpretation Flashcards
What are the different types of anaemia?
microcytic, normoytic and macrocytic
what are common causes of microcytic anaemia
Hb is low and MCV is low.
- sideroblastic anaemia
- sickle cell anaemia
- iron deficiency anaemia
- thalassaemia
What are the common causes of macrocytic anaemia?
Hb is low and MCV is high
- B12 deficiency/ B9 folate deficiency
- chronic alcohol consumption
- liver disease (lack of EPO protein)
- hypothyroidism
what is the causes of normocytic anaemia?
hb is low MCV in range
1. haemolytic anaemia
2. excess blood loss
3. renal failure (lack of erythropoiesis)
4. anaemia of chronic disease
what does high neutrophils indicate
bacterial infection
tissue damage (inflammation/cancer)
steroids - causes them to stay in circulation longer
what does low neutrophils mean?
- viral infection
- chemo/radio
- clozapine (agranulocytosis)
- carbimazole (agranulocytosis and bone marrow suppression)
what does high lymphocytes mea?
viral infection
lymphoma
chronic lymphatic infection
Pre-renal AKI Causes?
think trunk
- hypovolaemia
- hyperthermia
- dehydration
- shock
intra-renal AKI Causes?
- toxins
- myeloma, myoglobinuria (myohmy)
- pyelonephritis
- glomerulonephritis
- ATN
Post-renal causes of AKI?
- urethral stricture
- kidney stones
- tumours/malignancies
what is the urea and creatinine ratio like in pre-renal AKI?
urea > creatinine
what is the urea and creatinine ratio like in intra renal?
urea < creatinine
what is the urea and creatinine ratio like in post renal AKI?
urea > creatinine
what antibiotics cause renal injury?
vancomyacin
gentamicin
tetracyclines
pre hepatic cause of liver failure indication?
HIGH bilirubin
haemolysis
gilberts syndrome
Crigler Najjar
Intrahepatic cause of liver failure?
hep c
cirrhosis
fatty liver malignancy
haemachromatosis
HF
post hepatic cause of liver failure?
HIGH bilirubin
HIGH ALP
- gall stones
- Primary biliary
-cholangitis
-scleosing cholangitis - pancreatic/gastric cancer
what drugs cause an increase in ALP/CHolestasis
flucloxacillin
co-amoxiclav
nitro
steroids
sulphonylureas
causes of increase ALKPHOS?
A: Any fracture
L: liver damage
K: cancer
P: pagers and pregnancy
H: hyper parathyroid
O: osteomalacia
S: surgery
what bone cells releases ALP?
osteoblasts
primary hypothyroid levels?
low T4 high TSH
primary hyperthyroid levels?
high T4 low TSH
secondary hyperthyroid levels?
high T4 high TSH
secondary hypothyroid levels?
low T4 low TSh
causes of primary hyperthyroidism?
toxi multiodular disease
graves disease
toxic adenoma
