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PSA > Data Interpretation > Flashcards

Data Interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia?

A

Hypovolaemic:
- Fluid loss (esp diarrhoea/vom)
- Addison’s
- Diuretics

Euvolemic:
- SIADH
- Psychogenic polydipsia
- Hypothyroidism

Hypervolemic:
- HF
- Renal failure
- Liver failure
- Nutritional failure
- Thyroid failure

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2
Q

Causes of hypernatraemia?

A
  • Dehydration drips (e.g. too much saline)
  • Drugs
  • Diabetes insipidus
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3
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia?

A

DIRE
Drugs (loop + thiazide)
Inadequate intake or intestinal loss (D+V)
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine (cushings/conns)

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4
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia?

A

DREAD
Drugs (K sparing diuretics + ACEi)
Renal failure
Endocrine (addisons)
Artefact (quite common)
DKA

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5
Q

Biochemical disturbance for prerenal AKI?

A

Urea rise&raquo_space;> Creatinine rise

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6
Q

Biochemical disturbance for intrinsic renal AKI?

A

Urea rise «< Creatinine rise
Bladder or hydronephrosis not palpable

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7
Q

Biochemical disturbance for post renal AKI?

A

Urea rise «< Creatinine rise
Bladder/hydronephrosis may be palpable

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8
Q

Causes of pre-renal AKI?

A

Dehydration (or if severe, shock)
Renal artery stenosis

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9
Q

Causes of intrinsic renal AKI?

A

INTRINSIC

Ischaemia
Nephrotoxic abx (gent, vanc, tetracyclines)
Tablets (ACEi, NSAIDs)
Radiological contrast
Injury (rhabdomyolysis)
Negatively birefringent crystals (gout)
Syndromes (glomerulonephritis)
Inflammation (vasculitis)
Cholesterol emboli

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10
Q

Causes of post renal AKI?

A

In lumen:
- stone or sloughed papilla
In wall:
- tumour
External pressure:
- BPH
- Prostate cancer
- Lymphadenopathy
- Aneurysm

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11
Q

Signs of digoxin toxicity?

A

Confusion
Nausea
Visual halos
Arrhythmias

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12
Q

Signs of lithium toxicity?

A

Early: tremor
Intermediate: tiredness
Late: arrhythmias, seizures, coma, renal failure, diabetes insipidus

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13
Q

Signs of phenytoin toxicity?

A

Gum hypertrophy
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Peripheral neuropathy
Teratogenicity

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14
Q

Signs of gentamicin toxicity?

A

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

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15
Q

Signs of vancomycin toxicity?

A

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

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16
Q

Action for an INR of 5-8?

A

No bleeding = Omit warfarin for 2 days then reduce dose
Bleeding = Omit warfarin and give 1-5mg IV VitK

17
Q

Action for an INR >8?

A

No bleeding = omit warfarin and give 1-5mg PO VitK
Bleeding = Omit warfarin and give 1-5mg IV VitK

PSA (3 decks)

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