data interpretation

Question 1

Causes of hypovolemic hyponatremia

Answer 1

Vomiting/ Diarrhoea
Addisons
Diuretics

Question 2

Causes of euvolemic hyponatremia

Answer 2

SIADH
Psychogenic polydipsia
hypothyroidism

Question 3

Causes of hypervolemic hypernatremia

Answer 3

Heart failure
Renal failure
Liver faillure
Nutritional failure

Question 4

Causes of Hypernatremia?

Answer 4

4 Ds
- Drugs
- Diabetes insipidus
- Dehydration
- Drips

Question 5

Causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 5

DREAD
Drugs (ACE-i and potassium sparing diuretics)
Renal Failure
Endocrine (Addisons)
Artefact
DKA

Question 6

Causes of hypokalaemia

Answer 6

DIRE
Drugs ( Thiazide type diuretics and loop diuretics)
Inadequate intake or Intestinal loss
Renal Tubular acidosis
Endocrine (Cushing’s/Conns syndrome)

Question 7

AKI Pre-renal causes

Answer 7

U>Cr
Dehydration
Renal artery stenosis

Question 8

AKI intrinsic causes

Answer 8

Cr> Urea
Ischaemia
Nephrotoxic drugs
Tablets
Radiological contrast
Injury e.g. Rhabdo
Negatively birefringent crystal (gout)
Syndromes
Inflammation
Cholesterol emboli

Question 9

Causes of AKI post-renal

Answer 9

Stones
Thinkening of the wall e.g tumours
External pressure: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 10

Solitary raise bill?

Answer 10

pre-hepatic jaundice
Caused by haemolysis

Question 11

Bili and ALT/ AST raised?

Answer 11

Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Malignancy
Fatty Liver
Haemochromatosis/ Wilsons
hf

Question 12

Bili and ALP raised

Answer 12

In lumen: stone
In wall: PBC, PSC, Cholangiocarcinoma
Extrinsic: Pancreatic