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Maths > Data collection (Stats year 1 - chapter 1) > Flashcards

Data collection (Stats year 1 - chapter 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a census?

A

Observes or measures every member of a population.

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2
Q

What are advantages of using a census?

A

It should give a completely accurate result.

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3
Q

What are disadvantages of using a census?

A

Time consuming and expensive.
Cannot be used when the testing process destroys the item.
Hard to process large quantities of data.

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4
Q

What is a sample?

A

A selection of observations taken from a subset of the population which is used to find out information about the population as a whole.

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5
Q

What are advantages of using a sample?

A

Less time consuming and expensive than a census.
Fewer people have to respond.
Less data to process than in a census.

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6
Q

What are disadvantages of using a census?

A

The data may not be as accurate.
The sample may not be large enough to give information about small sub-groups of the population.

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7
Q

What are sampling units?

A

Individual units of a population.

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8
Q

What is a sampling frame?

A

Sampling units of a population that are individually named or numbered to form a list.

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9
Q

What is a simple random sample?

A

A simple random sample of size ‘n’ is one where every sample of size ‘n’ has an equal chance of being selected.

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10
Q

What are advantages of simple random sampling?

A

Free of bias
Easy and cheap to implement for small populations and samples.
Each sampling unit has a known and equal chance of selection.

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11
Q

What are some disadvantages of simple random sampling?

A

Not suitable when the population size of the sample size is large.
Sampling frame is needed.

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12
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

In systematic sampling the required elements are chosen at regular intervals from an ordered list.

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13
Q

What are some advantages of systematic sampling?

A

Simple and quick to use.
Suitable for large samples and large populations.

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14
Q

What are some disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A

A sampling frame is needed.
It can introduce bias if the sampling frame is not random.

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15
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

In stratified sampling, the population is divided into mutually exclusive strata (for example males and females) and a random sample is taken from each.

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16
Q

What are some advantages of using stratified sampling?

A

Sample accurately reflects the population structure.
Guarantees proportional representation of groups within a population.

17
Q

What are some disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A

Population must be clearly classified into distinct strata.
Selection within each stratum suffers from the same disadvantages as simple random sampling.

18
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

An interviewer or researcher selects a sample that reflects the characteristics of the whole population.

19
Q

What are some advantages of quota sampling?

A

Allows a small sample to still be representative of the population.
No sampling frame required.
Quick, easy and inexpensive.
Allows for easy comparison between groups in a population.

20
Q

What are some disadvantages of quota sampling?

A

Non random sampling can introduce bias.
Population must be divided into groups which can be costly or inaccurate.
Non responses are not recorded as such.

21
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Consists of taking the sample from people who are available at the time the study is carried out and who fit the criteria you are looking for?

22
Q

What are advantages of opportunity sampling?

A

Easy to carry out
Inexpensive

23
Q

What are disadvantages of opportunity sampling?

A

Unlikely to provide a representative sample.
Highly dependant on individual researcher.

24
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Variables or data associated with numerical observations.

25
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

A variable that can take any value in a given range.

26
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Variables or data associated with non-numerical observations.

27
Q

What is a discrete variable?

A

A variable that can only take specific values in a given range.

Maths (2 decks)

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