Data Collection Instruments Flashcards
is a systematic process of gathering relevant information, observations, or measurements.
Data Collection
comprise observation, questionnaires, test, and interviews.
Quantitative research instruments
is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions that aims to collect information from a respondent.
Questionnaire
There are three structures of questionnaires:
structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
employ closed-ended questions
Structured questionnaires
on the other hand, use open-ended
Unstructured questionnaires
are combinations of both the structured and unstructured ones.
Semi-structured questionnaires
are used for measuring various skills and types of behavior, personality, achievement, performance, as well as for describing some characteristics.
Tests
There are two types of tests used in quantitative research:
Standardized Test
Non-Standardized Test
is a test that is given to a group of people such as students or professionals in a very consistent manner; meaning that the questions on the test are all the same, the time given to each test-taker is the same, and the way in which the test is scored is the same for all.
Standardized test
is a test that allows for an assessment of an individual’s abilities or performances but doesn’t allow for a fair comparison of one individual to another.
Non-standardized test
Types of Test Questions
Recall Questions
Recognition Questions
Open-ended Questions
It requires participants to recall information from memory (e.g., fill- in-the blank test, identification test, enumeration test, etc.)
Recall Questions
It allows participants to select from given choices the best or correct choice (e.g., multiple-choice test, true or false test, yes or no test, etc.)
Recognition Questions
It allows the participants more freedom in their responses, expressing their thoughts and insights (e.g., essay writing tests and other performance-based tests.
Open-ended Questions
are sometimes referred to as survey interviews (structured type) because they resemble survey-style question-and-answer formats where in a large sample sized is used. It may be recorded, but because questions tend to be closed ended, taking notes during the interview is less disruptive than it can be during a qualitative interview.
Quantitative Interviews
are sometimes called intensive or in-depth interviews. These interviews are informal, unstructured, semi-structured or focus group discussions (FGD).
Qualitative Interview
is way of gathering data which involves systematically selecting, watching, listening, reading, touching, and recording behavior and characteristics of living beings, objects, or phenomena. ____________ can be controlled, natural, or participant
Observation
Forms of Observation
Controlled observation
Natural Observation
Participant Observation
is a form of observation where researchers watch participants in a contained environment, such as a classroom or a laboratory
Controlled observation
is a form of observation that involves observing subjects in their natural environment
Natural Observation
is a form of observation wherein the researcher becomes a complete observer or a participant in the study through the experience of spending time with a group of people and closely observing their actions, speech patterns, and norms, which in turn the researcher can gain an understanding
Participant Observation
Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation
- Complete Observer
- Complete Participant
- Observer as Participant
- Participant as Observer
This is a detached observer where the researcher is neither seen nor noticed by participants. It’s one way of minimizing the Hawthorne Effect as participants are more likely to act natural when they don’t know they’re being observed.
- Complete Observer
This is a fully embedded researcher, almost like a spy. Here the observer fully engages with the participants and partakes in their activities. Participants aren’t aware that observation and research is being conducted, even though they fully interact with the researcher.
- Complete Participant
Here the researcher is known and recognized by the participants and in many cases, the participants know the research goals of the observer. There is some interaction with the participants, but the interaction is limited. The researcher’s aim is to play a neutral role as much as possible.
- Observer as Participant
Here the researcher is fully engaged with the participants. She is more of a friend or colleague than a neutral third party. While there is full interaction with participants, they still know that this is a researcher.
- Participant as Observer