Data Collection Instruments

Question 1

is a systematic process of gathering relevant information, observations, or measurements.

Answer 1

Data Collection

Question 2

comprise observation, questionnaires, test, and interviews.

Answer 2

Quantitative research instruments

Question 3

is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions that aims to collect information from a respondent.

Answer 3

Questionnaire

Question 4

There are three structures of questionnaires:

Answer 4

structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.

Question 5

employ closed-ended questions

Answer 5

Structured questionnaires

Question 6

on the other hand, use open-ended

Answer 6

Unstructured questionnaires

Question 7

are combinations of both the structured and unstructured ones.

Answer 7

Semi-structured questionnaires

Question 8

are used for measuring various skills and types of behavior, personality, achievement, performance, as well as for describing some characteristics.

Answer 8

Tests

Question 9

There are two types of tests used in quantitative research:

Answer 9

Standardized Test
Non-Standardized Test

Question 10

is a test that is given to a group of people such as students or professionals in a very consistent manner; meaning that the questions on the test are all the same, the time given to each test-taker is the same, and the way in which the test is scored is the same for all.

Answer 10

Standardized test

Question 11

is a test that allows for an assessment of an individual’s abilities or performances but doesn’t allow for a fair comparison of one individual to another.

Answer 11

Non-standardized test

Question 12

Types of Test Questions

Answer 12

Recall Questions
Recognition Questions
Open-ended Questions

Question 13

It requires participants to recall information from memory (e.g., fill- in-the blank test, identification test, enumeration test, etc.)

Answer 13

Recall Questions

Question 14

It allows participants to select from given choices the best or correct choice (e.g., multiple-choice test, true or false test, yes or no test, etc.)

Answer 14

Recognition Questions

Question 15

It allows the participants more freedom in their responses, expressing their thoughts and insights (e.g., essay writing tests and other performance-based tests.

Answer 15

Open-ended Questions

Question 16

are sometimes referred to as survey interviews (structured type) because they resemble survey-style question-and-answer formats where in a large sample sized is used. It may be recorded, but because questions tend to be closed ended, taking notes during the interview is less disruptive than it can be during a qualitative interview.

Answer 16

Quantitative Interviews

Question 17

are sometimes called intensive or in-depth interviews. These interviews are informal, unstructured, semi-structured or focus group discussions (FGD).

Answer 17

Qualitative Interview

Question 18

is way of gathering data which involves systematically selecting, watching, listening, reading, touching, and recording behavior and characteristics of living beings, objects, or phenomena. ____________ can be controlled, natural, or participant

Answer 18

Observation

Question 19

Forms of Observation

Answer 19

Controlled observation
Natural Observation
Participant Observation

Question 20

is a form of observation where researchers watch participants in a contained environment, such as a classroom or a laboratory

Answer 20

Controlled observation

Question 21

is a form of observation that involves observing subjects in their natural environment

Answer 21

Natural Observation

Question 22

is a form of observation wherein the researcher becomes a complete observer or a participant in the study through the experience of spending time with a group of people and closely observing their actions, speech patterns, and norms, which in turn the researcher can gain an understanding

Answer 22

Participant Observation

Question 23

Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation

Answer 23

1. Complete Observer
2. Complete Participant
3. Observer as Participant
4. Participant as Observer

Question 24

This is a detached observer where the researcher is neither seen nor noticed by participants. It’s one way of minimizing the Hawthorne Effect as participants are more likely to act natural when they don’t know they’re being observed.

Answer 24

1. Complete Observer

Question 25

This is a fully embedded researcher, almost like a spy. Here the observer fully engages with the participants and partakes in their activities. Participants aren't aware that observation and research is being conducted, even though they fully interact with the researcher.

Answer 25

2. Complete Participant

Question 26

Here the researcher is known and recognized by the participants and in many cases, the participants know the research goals of the observer. There is some interaction with the participants, but the interaction is limited. The researcher's aim is to play a neutral role as much as possible.

Answer 26

3. Observer as Participant

Question 27

Here the researcher is fully engaged with the participants. She is more of a friend or colleague than a neutral third party. While there is full interaction with participants, they still know that this is a researcher.

Answer 27

4. Participant as Observer