Data Collection & Health Outcomes Flashcards
What is meant by a health outcome?
What are some examples?
The impact that healthcare activities have on people
e.g. course of symptoms, whether someone lives or dies, cost of care, satisfaction with treatment
What are the 3 types of health outcomes?
- record-based outcomes
- biological/clinical outcomes
- clinician/ patient-reported outcomes (PROs)
What are 2 examples of record-based outcomes?
- mortality
2. disease incidence
What are 3 examples of biological/clinical outcomes?
- lab results
- BMI
- blood pressure
What are 2 examples of clinician/patient-reported outcomes?
- symptom scores
2. health-related quality of life
What is meant by objective health outcomes?
What are examples?
Something that has a definite figure/outcome
e.g. mortality, BMI, blood pressure
What is meant by subjective health outcomes?
What are examples?
Something that does NOT have a definite/numerical outcome
e.g. pain, mental health, fatigue
What is meant by ‘malingering’?
pretending to be ill in order to escape duty or work
What are the 5 stages of the cognitive functioning cycle?
- motivation
- medication
- distraction
- tired
- malingering
What is meant by validity?
Does the outcome measure what it is supposed to measure?
What are the 3 types of validity?
- construct validity
- content validity
- face validity
What are the 2 types of construct validity?
- convergent
2. discriminant
What is meant by convergent validity?
the degree to which 2 measures of constructs that theoretically should be related are related
What is meant by discriminant validity?
a way of testing whether concepts that are not supposed to be related are actually unrelated
What is meant by construct validity?
the degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring
What is meant by content validity?
the extent to which an outcome represents all facets of a given construct
e.g. depression outcome should include both affective and behavioural symptoms
What is meant by face validity?
the outcome appears to measure what it should measure
e.g. using BMI/weight/clothes size to measure obesity
What is meant by reliability?
The consistency of the measurement
what are the 2 different types of reliability?
- test-retest reliability
2. inter-rater reliability
What is meant by test-retest reliability?
Are measurements consistent over time, if nothing has changed?
What is meant by inter-rater reliability?
Do different assessors give the same result?
What are examples of simple things to measure using test-retest reliability?
- mortality
2. disease incidence
What are examples of complex things that test-retest reliability can measure?
- coginition
- pain
- mental health
- fatigue
What are examples of middle-level complex things that test-retest reliability can be used for?
- BMI
2. blood pressure
How can complex ideas, such as pain and fatigue, be measured using test-retest reliability?
Using numerical scales
e.g. faces pain scale or pain thermometer
What is meant by responsiveness?
The outcome should be able to detect real changes when they occur
What is the data collection goal of a clinician?
to collect, organise and analyse data from INDIVIDUALS to form predictions and recommendations
What is the data collection goal of an epidemiologist?
to collect, organise and analyse data from POPULATIONS to form predictions and recommendations
What are clinical trials often used for?
to see whether a new treatment works or not
How can health outcomes be used to promote equality?
They can be used to identify national and international variation
How can health outcomes be used to benefit the NHS?
they can be used to identify which trusts/regions are more effective
quality improvement can then be promoted at a local level
What is meant by continuous data?
quantitative data that has an infinite number of possible values within a selected range
e.g. blood pressure
What is meant by discrete data?
quantitative data that can only take a certain number of values
e.g. age in years, number of participants
What is meant by nominal data?
qualitative data that cannot be ordered or measured
e.g. gender, marital status
What is meant by ordinal data?
data that can be ordered/ranked and the distance between the categories is not known
