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Y2 RESS > Data Collection & Health Outcomes > Flashcards

Data Collection & Health Outcomes Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by a health outcome?

What are some examples?

A

The impact that healthcare activities have on people

e.g. course of symptoms, whether someone lives or dies, cost of care, satisfaction with treatment

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of health outcomes?

A
  1. record-based outcomes
  2. biological/clinical outcomes
  3. clinician/ patient-reported outcomes (PROs)
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3
Q

What are 2 examples of record-based outcomes?

A
  1. mortality

2. disease incidence

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4
Q

What are 3 examples of biological/clinical outcomes?

A
  1. lab results
  2. BMI
  3. blood pressure
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5
Q

What are 2 examples of clinician/patient-reported outcomes?

A
  1. symptom scores

2. health-related quality of life

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6
Q

What is meant by objective health outcomes?

What are examples?

A

Something that has a definite figure/outcome

e.g. mortality, BMI, blood pressure

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7
Q

What is meant by subjective health outcomes?

What are examples?

A

Something that does NOT have a definite/numerical outcome

e.g. pain, mental health, fatigue

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8
Q

What is meant by ‘malingering’?

A

pretending to be ill in order to escape duty or work

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9
Q

What are the 5 stages of the cognitive functioning cycle?

A
  1. motivation
  2. medication
  3. distraction
  4. tired
  5. malingering
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10
Q

What is meant by validity?

A

Does the outcome measure what it is supposed to measure?

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of validity?

A
  1. construct validity
  2. content validity
  3. face validity
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12
Q

What are the 2 types of construct validity?

A
  1. convergent

2. discriminant

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13
Q

What is meant by convergent validity?

A

the degree to which 2 measures of constructs that theoretically should be related are related

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14
Q

What is meant by discriminant validity?

A

a way of testing whether concepts that are not supposed to be related are actually unrelated

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15
Q

What is meant by construct validity?

A

the degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring

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16
Q

What is meant by content validity?

A

the extent to which an outcome represents all facets of a given construct

e.g. depression outcome should include both affective and behavioural symptoms

17
Q

What is meant by face validity?

A

the outcome appears to measure what it should measure

e.g. using BMI/weight/clothes size to measure obesity

18
Q

What is meant by reliability?

A

The consistency of the measurement

19
Q

what are the 2 different types of reliability?

A
  1. test-retest reliability

2. inter-rater reliability

20
Q

What is meant by test-retest reliability?

A

Are measurements consistent over time, if nothing has changed?

21
Q

What is meant by inter-rater reliability?

A

Do different assessors give the same result?

22
Q

What are examples of simple things to measure using test-retest reliability?

A
  1. mortality

2. disease incidence

23
Q

What are examples of complex things that test-retest reliability can measure?

A
  1. coginition
  2. pain
  3. mental health
  4. fatigue
24
Q

What are examples of middle-level complex things that test-retest reliability can be used for?

A
  1. BMI

2. blood pressure

25
Q

How can complex ideas, such as pain and fatigue, be measured using test-retest reliability?

A

Using numerical scales

e.g. faces pain scale or pain thermometer

26
Q

What is meant by responsiveness?

A

The outcome should be able to detect real changes when they occur

27
Q

What is the data collection goal of a clinician?

A

to collect, organise and analyse data from INDIVIDUALS to form predictions and recommendations

28
Q

What is the data collection goal of an epidemiologist?

A

to collect, organise and analyse data from POPULATIONS to form predictions and recommendations

29
Q

What are clinical trials often used for?

A

to see whether a new treatment works or not

30
Q

How can health outcomes be used to promote equality?

A

They can be used to identify national and international variation

31
Q

How can health outcomes be used to benefit the NHS?

A

they can be used to identify which trusts/regions are more effective

quality improvement can then be promoted at a local level

32
Q

What is meant by continuous data?

A

quantitative data that has an infinite number of possible values within a selected range

e.g. blood pressure

33
Q

What is meant by discrete data?

A

quantitative data that can only take a certain number of values

e.g. age in years, number of participants

34
Q

What is meant by nominal data?

A

qualitative data that cannot be ordered or measured

e.g. gender, marital status

35
Q

What is meant by ordinal data?

A

data that can be ordered/ranked and the distance between the categories is not known

Y2 RESS (9 decks)

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