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Maths - Stats > Data Collection > Flashcards

Data Collection Flashcards

1
Q

What is a population?

A

A whole set of items of interest

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2
Q

What is a Sampling Frame?

A

individually named/numbered sampling units to form a list of the population

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3
Q

What are Sampling Units?

A

individual units of a population

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4
Q

What does a census do?

A

It observes or measures every member of a population

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5
Q

What is an advantage of a census?

A
  • completely accurate and representative of the whole population
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6
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of the census?

A
  • is time consuming and costly
  • cannot be used if testing destroys the items
  • the large amount of data can be hard to process
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7
Q

What is a sample?

A

A selection of observations from a subset of a population

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8
Q

What are 3 advantages of sampling?

A
  • Less time consuming and expensive than census
  • fewer people need to respond
  • less data to process
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9
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of sampling?

A
  • might not be as accurate
  • sample too small = no info about small sub-groups
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10
Q

What is random sampling?

A

every member of the population has equal change of selection (should be representative and lower bias)

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11
Q

What is simple random sampling?

A

Every one has an equal chance of selection

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12
Q

How do you carry out simple random sampling?

A
  1. Get a sampling frame
  2. a) use a random number generate to select random numbered items
    b) lottery sampling, put on paper and in a hat
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13
Q

What are 3 advantages to simple random sampling?

A
  • no bias
  • its easy and cheap
  • each unit has an equal and known change of selection
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14
Q

What are 2 disadvantages to simple random sampling?

A
  • when the population is large, it increases time, disruption and cost
  • a sampling frame is needed
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15
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

elements are chosen at regular intervals from a list

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16
Q

How is systematic sampling carried out?

A

population/sample size gives you the interval required, a person from within the first interval is chosen at random, from that person onwards the person of that interval is chosen

17
Q

What is 2 advantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • simple and quick
  • suitable for large samples and populations
18
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • sampling frame needed
  • can be bias if the frame isnt random
19
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

population divided into strata, a random sample is taken from each

20
Q

How is stratified sampling carried out?

A

the proportion of people in each strata is the same as the groups’ proportion of the population - number sampled in a strata = number in stratum/number in population * overall sample size - then simple random or systematic sampling used within groups

21
Q

What are 2 advantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • Accurately represents the population structure
  • guarantees proportional representation of groups
22
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

a sample of people is selected, representative of the whole population

23
Q

How is quota sampling carried out?

A

Population is divided into groups according to a characteristic (proportional to the size of the groups) - people met and assed into groups - repats until quotas full (if quota full or person ignores - move on)

24
Q

What are 4 advantages of quota sampling?

A
  • a small sample that is still representative is used
  • no sampling frame
  • quick, easy and inexpensive
  • allows for easy comparisons between groups
25
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of quota sampling?

A
  • can introduce bias
  • population must be divided into groups
  • increasing scope of study means, increasing groups, increasing time and cost
  • people who don’t respond or in already filled quotas aren’t recorded
26
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Taking a sample of people available at time of study and that fit the criteria

27
Q

What are 2 advantages of opportunity sampling?

A
  • easy to carry out
  • inexpensive
28
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of opportunity sampling?

A
  • unlikely to be representative
  • dependant on the individual researcher

Maths - Stats (1 decks)

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