Data and References Flashcards
UNESCO, 2019
2 billion people living in countries with high water stress
Inagro, 2021
70% of freshwater water is used for agriculture
Richie, 2023
- Fresh water graph
- 1900 - 2014
- 500 billion m3 - 3.9 trillion m3
Evans, 2020
- 16% of conventionally managed soils have a lifespan of <100 years
- 39% of conservatively managed soil lifespan increases to 10,000 years
Yang, 2024
Globally billions of pounds is spent on fertilisers to replenish nutrients lost via soil erosion/degradation
Khatri, 2024
- Fertiliser demand graph
- 2016 - 2024 (x axis)
- 170 - 210 Million tons (y axis)
Richie, 2024
- Agriculture has increased soil erosion rates
- Especially in tropical regions
- Is the main driver of deforestation globally
Hu, 2021
Deforestation causes ~ 1.5 Gt of carbon to be lost from above and below ground per year
Hussain, 2021
Carbon stored in soil can be 4 times higher than that stored in vegetation or the atmosphere
Yang, 2024
- Warmer temperatures cause more extreme weather events which in turn add to soil erosion. Soil management, climate change and agriculture are all intrinsically linked
- Agriculture exacerbates Climate change - feedback loops
Rasmussen, 2024 (Graph)
- Trade-offs in estimated effect on yield and biodiversity
- -0.1 - 0.3 est. change in biodiversity (x axis)
- -0.10 - 0.10 est. change in yield (y axis)
Rasmussen, 2024
Using more diversification strategies and practices improves food security and nonagricultural biodiversity
Hussain, 2021: Strategies that aid in Carbon sequestration
- Till vs No till
- Woody plants - deep roots
- Cover crops
2 billion people living in countries with high water stress
UNESCO 2019
70% of freshwater water is used for agriculture
Inagro 2021
- Fresh water graph
- 1900 - 2014
- 500 billion m3 - 3.9 trillion m3
Richie 2023
- 16% of conventionally managed soils have a lifespan of <100 years
- 39% of conservatively managed soil lifespan increases to 10,000 years
Evans 2020
Globally billions of pounds is spent on fertilisers to replenish nutrients lost via soil erosion/degradation
Yang 2024
- Fertiliser demand graph
- 2016 - 2024 (x axis)
- 170 - 210 Million tons (y axis)
Khatri 2024
- Agriculture has increased soil erosion rates
- Especially in tropical regions
- Is the main driver of deforestation globally
Richie 2024
In two years deforestation caused 12.3 Gt of carbon to be lost from above and below ground
Hu 2021
Carbon stored in soil can be 4 times higher than that stored in vegetation or the atmosphere
Hussain 2021
- Warmer temperatures cause more extreme weather events which in turn add to soil erosion. Soil management, climate change and agriculture are all intrinsically linked
- Agriculture exacerbates Climate change - feedback loops
Yang 2024
- Trade-offs in estimated effect on yield and biodiversity
- -0.1 - 0.3 est. change in biodiversity (x axis)
- -0.10 - 0.10 est. change in yield (y axis)
Rasmussen 2024
Using more diversification strategies and practices improves food security and nonagricultural biodiversity
Rasmussen 2024
Strategies that aid in Carbon sequestration:
- Till vs No till
- Woody plants - deep roots
- Cover crops
Hussain, 2021
Knapp, 2018
- No-till has yield 5.7% lower than conventional till
- Organically managed farms have 19.3% lower yield than conventional farms
No-till has yield 5.7% lower than conventional till
Organically managed farms have 19.3% lower yield than conventional farms
Knapp, 2018
Ecosystem services
Jònsson, 2016
Jònsson, 2016
Ecosystem services
Koudahe, 2022
Cover Crops
Cover Crops
Koudahe, 2022
Marley 2024
- Ley systems
- Red and White clover boosts soil water infiltration rates
- White clover significantly increases earthworm populations
Ley systems using clover
Marley 2024
Kopittke, 2019
Rate of soil loss is 10-1000x more than formed
Rate at which soil is lost is 10-1000x higher than it is formed
Kopittke, 2019
98.8% consumed calories come from soil
FAO, 2018
