Data Analysis

Question 1

What are the 4 levels of measurement?

Answer 1

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Question 2

What is nominal?

Answer 2

numeric values simply serve as labels

Question 3

What is ordinal?

Answer 3

data can be ordered but the distance between values is not fixed

Question 4

what is interval?

Answer 4

data is ordered, distance between values is fixed, but no meaningful zero point

Question 5

ratio

Answer 5

data is ordered, distance between values is fixed, and there is a meaningful zero point

Question 6

what are the two types of statistics?

Answer 6

descriptive and inferential

Question 7

what is descriptive statistics?

Answer 7

information that characterizes or summarizes the whole set of data

Question 8

what is inferential statistics?

Answer 8

statistics that allow us to generalize from the data collected to the general populations they were taken from

Question 9

what is the function of descriptive statistics?

Answer 9

describes patterns found in the data
- frequency distributions
- measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
- measures of dispersion (range, standard deviation)

Question 10

what are frequency distributions?

Answer 10

describes how frequencies are distributed over values

Question 11

how are frequencies shown?

Answer 11

on bar chat-type plots called histograms

Question 12

what are measures of central tendency?

Answer 12

statistical indices that quantify the typical or central value in a distribution

Question 13

T or F: data needs to be ordinal level or higher for these statistics to make sense

Answer 13

True

Question 14

what is arithmetic mean?

Answer 14

sum of scores for given variable divided by the number of cases contributing to the sum

Question 15

what is the median?

Answer 15

ordinal middle of a distribution

Question 16

what is the mode?

Answer 16

the score that appears most frequently in a distribution

Question 17

what is range?

Answer 17

lowest and highest observed scores

Question 18

what is standard deviation?

Answer 18

a measure of variability indicating the degree to which all observed values deviate from the mean

Question 19

what are the two categories of statistics that describe the relationship between two variables

Answer 19

1) statistics describing covariation
2) statistics describing differences between groups

Question 20

what is the most basic covariation statistic?

Answer 20

correlation coefficient: describes the linear association between two variables

Question 21

what is the correlation coefficient range?

Answer 21

-1 to 1

Question 22

what does -1 represent?

Answer 22

a perfect negative association between two variables

Question 23

what does +1 represent?

Answer 23

a perfect positive association between two variables

Question 24

what does 0 represent?

Answer 24

indicates no association between two variables

Question 25

how can correlation coefficients be visualized?

Answer 25

scatterplots: the values of two variables are plotted on an x-y axis for each person in the data set

Question 26

Values ranging from 0 to +/- .2

Answer 26

represent a general lack of association between the variables

Question 27

Values ranging from +/-.2 to +/- .4

Answer 27

weak association between the variables

Question 28

Values ranging from +/-.4 to +/- .7

Answer 28

represent a moderate association between variables

Question 29

Values great than +- .70

Answer 29

represent a strong association between variables

Question 30

what is the most basic way to assess differences between groups?

Answer 30

compare the mean scores for each group

Question 31

T or F: these types of analyses require 1 nominal (grouping) and 1 variable that is ordinal or greater

Answer 31

True