Data

Question 1

What is standard deviation?

Answer 1

How scores vary from the mean

Question 2

What is the p-value?

Answer 2

Probability level, under 0.05 is statistically significance

Question 3

What is Pearson’s correlation coefficient?

Answer 3

Strength of linear relationships (parametric)

Question 4

What is Spearman’s correlation coefficient

Answer 4

Strength of relationships that are in the same direction but does not have to be linear (non-parametric)

Question 5

Reliability

Answer 5

Consistency of results

Question 6

Range

Answer 6

Difference between lowest and highest number

Question 7

Variance

Answer 7

On average how much the scores differ from the mean

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Question 9

What is ordinal data?

Answer 9

Categories which are ordered (ranks, scales) but has irregular gaps i.e. body mass

Question 10

What is nominal data?

Answer 10

Data is qualitative with no rank order i.e. hair colour

Question 11

What is interval data?

Answer 11

Steps in the scale are evenly placed but zero does not mean zero (nothing) i.e. temperature

Question 12

What is ratio data?

Answer 12

Steps in the scale are evenly placed and zero means zero (nothing) i.e. length

Question 13

Parametric has these qualities:

Answer 13

• Ratio or interval data
• Mean
• Pearson correlation coefficient for correlation test

Question 14

Non-parametric has these qualities:

Answer 14

• Ordinal or nominal data
• Median
• Spearman correlation coefficient for correlation test

Question 15

Parametric is used for these tests:

Answer 15

• Independent measure with two groups = independent measure t-test
• Independent measure with more than two groups = one way independent measure ANOVA
• Repeated measure with two conditions = Matched pair t-test
• Repeated measure with more than two conditions = one way repeated measure ANOVA

Question 16

Non-parametric is used for these tests:

Answer 16

• Independent measure with two groups = Mann Whitney-test
• Independent measure with more than two groups = Kruskal-wallis test
• Repeated measure with two conditions = Wilcoxon test
• Repeated measure with more than two conditions = Friedman’s test

Question 17

Why is counterbalancing needed for repeated measures?

Answer 17

To avoid order effect as it can confound experiment results

Question 18

When is the mean the most appropriate measure of central tendency?

Answer 18

When there is little sample variance and few outliers present

Question 19

When is the median the most appropriate measure of central tendency?

Answer 19

When there is a higher variance as demonstrated by the SD

Question 20

When is the mode the most appropriate measure of central tendency?

Answer 20

When dealing with nominal data

Question 21

What is IQR?

Answer 21

Find the median and determine Q1 and Q3
i.e. 5, 9, 11, 13
5, 9, | 11, 13
Q1 = 7 Q3 = 12
IQR = Q3 - Q1
IQR = 12 - 7
IQR = 5

Question 22

What are confidence intervals?

Answer 22

After 100 tests, it would end up in this margin with 95% confidence
Larger confidence intervals = less precise, more variance in the data
Overlapping = not statistically significant

Question 23

What is a type I error?

Answer 23

A false positive

Question 24

What is a type II error?

Answer 24

A false negative

Question 25

What are some ethical considerations?

Answer 25

• Confidentiality
• Voluntary participation
• Withdrawal rights
• Informed consent
• Deception in research

Question 26

What is an independent variable (IV)?

Answer 26

A variable changed by the experimenter i.e. music present

Question 27

What is a dependent variable (DV)?

Answer 27

A variable measured to test the effect of the IV i.e. time, correct answers

Question 28

What is an alternative hypothesis?

Answer 28

Predicts that there is a relationship between IV and DV

Question 29

What is a null hypothesis?

Answer 29

Predicts that there is no relationship between IV and DV