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DAT destroyer Flashcards

1
Q

State the relationship between double fertilization and Angiosperms

A

The egg must be fertilized and the nutritious tissue!

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2
Q

Determinate Cleavage vs Indeterminate Cleavage

A

Determinate refers to normal division into an embryo. Indeterminate results in identical twins.

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3
Q

Homologous structures vs Analagous Structures

A

analogous=similar in function but not evolutionary origin

homologous=similar in function and in evolutionary origin

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4
Q

What are the 3 laws of thermodynamics?

A
  1. Internal energy as a product of work or heat
  2. Irreversible Reactions. Entropy.
  3. Entropy is 0 at 0K.
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5
Q

What are the two poles of an embryo? Define the Gray Crescent.

A

Vegetal Pole. Animal Pole. Animal is where gastrulation is occurring or some fast divison of cells (lively). Gray Crescent refers to the opposite side of sperm penetration. It establishes the body axis.

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6
Q

define diapedesis.

A

The movement of WBCs across the tiny endothelial pores.

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7
Q

When is an embryo considered a fetus? What markers are there?

A

Myogenesis and neurogenesis have progressed to where the embryo is capable of motion, and the eyes begin to form. Organogenesis and growth continue. Hair has started to form along with all essential organs. Facial features are beginning to develop. At the end of the 8th week, the embryonic stage is over, and the fetal stage begins.[2]

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8
Q

Define the term for organ development.

A

Organogenesis.

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9
Q

Keratin

A

a fibrous protein in dead skin cells (stratified squamous). Present on many animal species. responsible for the skin being waterproof.

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10
Q

Where do all second order synapse to third order? Where do the third orders then extend into?

A

THALAMUS.

third order extends into the cortex of the brain.

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11
Q

How does a low pH affect the oxygen distribution curve? Same with an increased temperature.

A

We will see a shift to the left > the oxygen will dissociate at a lower partial pressure. Since we want that oxygen to be deposited faster.

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12
Q

Define Motor Unit

A

All the Muscle Fibres innervated from one nerve fiber

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13
Q

At some stage in development, all chordates have…

A

pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and a dorsal tubular nerve cord

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14
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Echinodermata

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15
Q

Monera is different from all other Kingdoms how?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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16
Q

Archenteron

A

The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula is known as the archenteron. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal.

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17
Q

Long term process of one ecosystem turning into another?

A

Ecological Succession

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18
Q

What are the two components of the placenta?

A

It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM.

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19
Q

what vertebrate lacks an allantois?

A

Fish.

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20
Q

What is the outcome of the allantois?

A

development of the umbilical cord.

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21
Q

What is produced after 10 turns of the Calvin Cycle?

A

20 PGAL

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22
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A

complex, coordinated innate behavioural responses from environmental stimuli. NOT a reflex.

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23
Q

Pioneer Organisms

A

inhabit harsh conditions. Eg. Lichens. Mosses usually follow lichens. THen grasses, then ferns, then birches.

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24
Q

Which type of plants have a dominant gametophyte stage?

A

Bryophytes.

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25
Q

AGH. How do you convert K to C?

A

Subtract 273.

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26
Q

Compare the relative values of heat of vaporization and heat of fusion?

A

It takes more energy for liquid to gas than a solid to liquid. Move the particles more or have them bounce around more?

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27
Q

Hyperthyroidism would cause which symptoms?

A

increased HR, weight loss, protruding eyes. Hypo would cause cold intolerance.

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28
Q

Denitrifying bacteria

A

converts ammonia to nitrogen gas

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29
Q

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

A

nitrogen gas to nitrates

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30
Q

Nitrifying Bacteria

A

ammonia or nitrites to nitrates

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31
Q

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

A

Forebrain (Prosencephalon) is the diencephalon (prethalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and pretectum) and the telencephalon (cerebrum).

Midbrain (mesencephalon )

Hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, medulla)

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32
Q

Inducible Operon vs Repressible Operon

A

Inducible = Lac operon. The repressor is constitutively bound until inducer binds to allosteric site. This induces transcription

Repressible = co-repressor binds with repressor to bind to operator to block transcription.

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33
Q

Lewis Acid. Bronsted Acid. Arhennius acid.

A 
Arhennius = Makes protons. 
Bronsted = Proton Donor
Lewis = Electron Acceptor
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34
Q

Lewis, Bronsted, Arhennius Base

A 
Arhennius = OH. 
Bronsted = H acceptor. 
Lewis = electron donor (think orgo)
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35
Q

With electricity question, it is a matter of which reaction takes up the most number of electrons.

A

REDOX reactions please.

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36
Q

What occurs with increased constriction of the efferent arteriole?

A

Increased filtration rate > the fluid slows down which allows for more reabsorption.

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37
Q

The vasculature of the liver?

A

The portal vein feeds the liver nutrients from the GI, but it does have its own hepatic artery and vein.

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38
Q

Where is erythropoietin secreted?

A

kidney

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39
Q

Importance of Ecdysone?

A

Regulates molting and metamorphosis in insects.

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40
Q

What is the concentration of WBC?

A 
60% - Neutro
25% - Lympho
15% - monocytes
9 - Eusino?
1% - Basophils
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41
Q

Compare urination and drinking for marine and fresh fish.

A

Fresh = urinate constantly. salt absorbed in gills. dont drink.

Marine = urinate rarely. Isotonic urine. Drink constantly.

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42
Q

Cleavage

A

The series of mitotic divisions that follow fertilization

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43
Q

What trees are included under Gymnosperms and Angios?

A

Gymno > Spruce. Pine. Fir.

Angio > Maple, Oak

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44
Q

How do most bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

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45
Q

which biome lies below tundra?

A

Taiga

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46
Q

Where is the ribosome assembled?

A

Nucleolus

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47
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

one X

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48
Q

Edward Syndrome

A

Trisomy 18

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49
Q

Klinefelter

A

XXY

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50
Q

Cambium

A

the stem cells to create xylem and phloem

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51
Q

Tracheophytes

A

Vascular Plants (Stems and Leaves)

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52
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar and Nitrogen Base

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53
Q

Role of ethylene on plants?

A

Ripening

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54
Q

role of gibberellins

A

stem elongation and flowering

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55
Q

When do spindle fibres begin to form and centrioles separate?

A

Prophase.

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56
Q

Fungi.

A

Cell wall has chitin. Eukaryotic. Not all are saphro though

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57
Q

Which muscle cells are multinucleated?

A

skeletal

58
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

RNA to DNA

59
Q

What are the assumptions of Hardy?

A

Assuming a large populatoin, the gene pool will not change. No isolation. No net migration. No natural selection. No Mutation.

60
Q

Where do we find exceptions to universality of genetic code?

A

Mito

61
Q

Where do sperm mature after developing?

A

Epidydymis

62
Q

What was the early atmosphere like?

A

NO O2.

63
Q

Does the liver store glucose?

A

NO

64
Q

What kind of food does a very hyperactive animal want to eat?

A

Something high in fat (most energy per g).

65
Q

Hashimoto s Disease

A

an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes

66
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A

lysosomal defect

67
Q

Diabetes insipidus is caused by?

A

insufficient ADH secretion

68
Q

Does the TCA cycle occur in mito?

A

No. no mito.

69
Q

What is purple in the body?

A

Rhodopsin.

70
Q

Permeability in Ascending and Descending

A

Asc > Salts.

Desc > Water

71
Q

Majority of energy production in bacteria?

A

ETC

72
Q

Eccrine (Merocrine) Gland

A

major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin.[1]. They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water and NaC

73
Q

Apocrine Gland

A

Secretions damage the cell a bit.

74
Q

Holocrine Gland

A

Kills the cell from secretions

75
Q

Nematocysts

A

the stinging cells in cnidarians

76
Q

Cnidoblasts

A

specialized cells located in tentacles and body wall of coelenterates. Interior is filed with nematocysts.

77
Q

Progeria

A

immature aging

78
Q

Achondroplasia

A

bond deformed growth. One type of dwarfism.

79
Q

What happens in the ligh reaction? dark reaction?

A 
light = production of NADH
dark = carbon fixation
80
Q

Allopartic Speciation

A

new species from geographic isolation from parent species

81
Q

What are chordates but not vertebrates?

A

Tunicates. Amophixos. Jawless Fish.

82
Q

RNA polymerase proofreading function.

A

Not great. High rate of mutations.

83
Q

Thick and thin filments in muscle?

A 
Thin = actin (I band)
Thick = myosin (only with H Band)

overlap = A band

84
Q

Which kingdom does Green Algae belong to? Which Algae belongs in Monera

A
  • Protista.

Blue green algae are Monera

85
Q

Sporazoan

A

They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively[1] parasites of animals. They cause malaria, toxoplasma..

86
Q

What are fibroblasts and what are their origin?

A

They secrete collagen and other connective tissues. They are created from mesenchymal cells.

87
Q

What are associated with Fungi?

A
  1. Lichens
  2. Zygomycetes
  3. Basidomycetes

MYCETES” = mushroom. Funus.”

88
Q

How much blood do we have?

A

6L

89
Q

What catches the pollen?

A

The stigma.

90
Q

What is the briefest mitotic stage?

A

Anaphase

91
Q

When O2 increases binding, the term is?

A

Cooperativity

92
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

93
Q

Annelida

A

earthworms

94
Q

IN protosomes, the first opening is?

A

Mouth

95
Q

How much energy is lost per each trophic level?

A

10

96
Q

How do purple or green algae survive?

A

Photo but final product is not O2.

97
Q

If two species, they will reproduce?

A

Around the same time of the year.

98
Q

Fern

A
  1. Vascular plants.

Spores are developed in sporangia, where clusters or SORI develop on lower surface of leaf.

99
Q

R vs K selection.

A

R = quick reproduction. Less development.

K = opposite.

Higher level vs lower level

100
Q

Agnostic behaviour

A

may develop if two animals conflict over mate or food

101
Q

What uses alpha glucose? B glucose?

A

A: starch. Glycogen.
B: Cellulose

102
Q

Myoglobin

A

No Quarternary structure since it is a single chain.

103
Q

Capacitation

A

Acrosome Reaction

104
Q

The different layers of the skin.

A

corneum. granulosum. germinativum.

105
Q

Cori Cycle

A

lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is converted back to lactate.[1]

106
Q

Where does the primary site of modifications like sulfate, etc. occur?

A

Golgi

107
Q

What converts ATP to cAMP? How about cAMP to AMP?

A

ATP to cAMP: adenylate cyclase

cAMP to AMP: phosphodiesterase

108
Q

Which eurkary kingdom does not have amnion sacs?

A

Amphibians.

109
Q

Where are the mitochondria in sperm located?

A

in the Midpiece of the sperm.

110
Q

What is included in the prostate fluid?

A

Slightly basic and fructose for energy,

111
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells.

112
Q

Hypertrophy

A

INcrease in cell size of a tissue or organ

113
Q

Metaplasia

A

a change from one cell type to another such as inflammation

114
Q

All hormones are steroids.

A

FALSE> Insulin. pituitary.

115
Q

List 3 characteristics of ruminant animals.

A
  1. Alkaline pH stomach
  2. 4 compartments
  3. can break down cellulose
116
Q

Sporangia

A

the spore producing and spore containing structures of ferns, angios, gymnos, algae, fungi, and bryophytes

117
Q

Volvox

A

Volvox is a genus of chlorophytes, a type of green algae. It forms spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. They live in a variety of freshwater

118
Q

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle? What is the shortest stage?

A

G1. The resting phase.

M is the shortest stage.

119
Q

Euglena

A

plant like since they have chloroplasts, but no cell wall. They are highly motile with a flagella.

120
Q

Planaria

A

Flatworm that contains both female and male structures.

121
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer

A

Spoiler of baked goods. Still a major problem for processed foods.

122
Q

Cerevisae

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast. But not moldy. It is for fermentation processes.

123
Q

Candida albicans

A

involved in infections of mucous membranes.

124
Q

Rhizopus

A

obligate parasite that depends on host

125
Q

Appeasement behaviour.

A

allows dominant hierarchies will inhibit others from attacking.

126
Q

NH4 - ionic compound or covalent?

A

Treat it like an ionic compound.

127
Q

How much does oxygen take up in our body?

A

65%

128
Q

Is Hg a good electric conductor?

A

Yes. Liquid metal.

129
Q

Under what conditions do we have ideal gas behaviour?

A

High temperature, low pressure.

130
Q

At what temperature does C = F?

A

-40

131
Q

Allotropes

A

different forms of the same element. (diamond and granite)

132
Q

Gay Lussac’s Law?

Charles Law?

A

P and T relationship with V constant.

V and T relationship with P constant

133
Q

Are q and w state functions?

A

No, since they depend on a path.

134
Q

What is the formula for osmotic pressure?

A

Molarity, Temperature, Van’t Hoff Factor

135
Q

Disproportionation Reaction

A

one atom is simultaneously oxidized and reduced

136
Q

How does temperature affect the constants?

A

It will affect Ka, Kb, Kw, Keq, Ksp. Nothing else will really affect this.

137
Q

How does the enthalpy compare if the solution got colder?

A

ENDO

138
Q

HOw does a catalyst affect the reaction rate constant?

A

Increases it

139
Q

A great reduction potential means what kind of agent?

A

A better oxidizing agent,

140
Q

What state is used in equilibrium calcs?

A

only Aq or g.

141
Q

Graham s Law?

A

The speed of the gas (square root of MW of the denominator identity)

142
Q

A gas dissolves under what conditions?

A

High P and low T

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