DAT destroyer Flashcards
State the relationship between double fertilization and Angiosperms
The egg must be fertilized and the nutritious tissue!
Determinate Cleavage vs Indeterminate Cleavage
Determinate refers to normal division into an embryo. Indeterminate results in identical twins.
Homologous structures vs Analagous Structures
analogous=similar in function but not evolutionary origin
homologous=similar in function and in evolutionary origin
What are the 3 laws of thermodynamics?
- Internal energy as a product of work or heat
- Irreversible Reactions. Entropy.
- Entropy is 0 at 0K.
What are the two poles of an embryo? Define the Gray Crescent.
Vegetal Pole. Animal Pole. Animal is where gastrulation is occurring or some fast divison of cells (lively). Gray Crescent refers to the opposite side of sperm penetration. It establishes the body axis.
define diapedesis.
The movement of WBCs across the tiny endothelial pores.
When is an embryo considered a fetus? What markers are there?
Myogenesis and neurogenesis have progressed to where the embryo is capable of motion, and the eyes begin to form. Organogenesis and growth continue. Hair has started to form along with all essential organs. Facial features are beginning to develop. At the end of the 8th week, the embryonic stage is over, and the fetal stage begins.[2]
Define the term for organ development.
Organogenesis.
Keratin
a fibrous protein in dead skin cells (stratified squamous). Present on many animal species. responsible for the skin being waterproof.
Where do all second order synapse to third order? Where do the third orders then extend into?
THALAMUS.
third order extends into the cortex of the brain.
How does a low pH affect the oxygen distribution curve? Same with an increased temperature.
We will see a shift to the left > the oxygen will dissociate at a lower partial pressure. Since we want that oxygen to be deposited faster.
Define Motor Unit
All the Muscle Fibres innervated from one nerve fiber
At some stage in development, all chordates have…
pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and a dorsal tubular nerve cord
Radial Symmetry
Echinodermata
Monera is different from all other Kingdoms how?
Prokaryotic Cells
Archenteron
The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula is known as the archenteron. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal.
Long term process of one ecosystem turning into another?
Ecological Succession
What are the two components of the placenta?
It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM.
what vertebrate lacks an allantois?
Fish.
What is the outcome of the allantois?
development of the umbilical cord.
What is produced after 10 turns of the Calvin Cycle?
20 PGAL
Fixed Action Pattern
complex, coordinated innate behavioural responses from environmental stimuli. NOT a reflex.
Pioneer Organisms
inhabit harsh conditions. Eg. Lichens. Mosses usually follow lichens. THen grasses, then ferns, then birches.
Which type of plants have a dominant gametophyte stage?
Bryophytes.
AGH. How do you convert K to C?
Subtract 273.
Compare the relative values of heat of vaporization and heat of fusion?
It takes more energy for liquid to gas than a solid to liquid. Move the particles more or have them bounce around more?
Hyperthyroidism would cause which symptoms?
increased HR, weight loss, protruding eyes. Hypo would cause cold intolerance.
Denitrifying bacteria
converts ammonia to nitrogen gas
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
nitrogen gas to nitrates
Nitrifying Bacteria
ammonia or nitrites to nitrates
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
Forebrain (Prosencephalon) is the diencephalon (prethalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and pretectum) and the telencephalon (cerebrum).
Midbrain (mesencephalon )
Hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, medulla)
Inducible Operon vs Repressible Operon
Inducible = Lac operon. The repressor is constitutively bound until inducer binds to allosteric site. This induces transcription
Repressible = co-repressor binds with repressor to bind to operator to block transcription.
Lewis Acid. Bronsted Acid. Arhennius acid.
Arhennius = Makes protons. Bronsted = Proton Donor Lewis = Electron Acceptor
Lewis, Bronsted, Arhennius Base
Arhennius = OH. Bronsted = H acceptor. Lewis = electron donor (think orgo)
With electricity question, it is a matter of which reaction takes up the most number of electrons.
REDOX reactions please.
What occurs with increased constriction of the efferent arteriole?
Increased filtration rate > the fluid slows down which allows for more reabsorption.
The vasculature of the liver?
The portal vein feeds the liver nutrients from the GI, but it does have its own hepatic artery and vein.
Where is erythropoietin secreted?
kidney
Importance of Ecdysone?
Regulates molting and metamorphosis in insects.
What is the concentration of WBC?
60% - Neutro 25% - Lympho 15% - monocytes 9 - Eusino? 1% - Basophils
Compare urination and drinking for marine and fresh fish.
Fresh = urinate constantly. salt absorbed in gills. dont drink.
Marine = urinate rarely. Isotonic urine. Drink constantly.
Cleavage
The series of mitotic divisions that follow fertilization
What trees are included under Gymnosperms and Angios?
Gymno > Spruce. Pine. Fir.
Angio > Maple, Oak
How do most bacteria reproduce?
Binary Fission
which biome lies below tundra?
Taiga
Where is the ribosome assembled?
Nucleolus
Turner Syndrome
one X
Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 18
Klinefelter
XXY
Cambium
the stem cells to create xylem and phloem
Tracheophytes
Vascular Plants (Stems and Leaves)
Nucleoside
Sugar and Nitrogen Base
Role of ethylene on plants?
Ripening
role of gibberellins
stem elongation and flowering
When do spindle fibres begin to form and centrioles separate?
Prophase.
Fungi.
Cell wall has chitin. Eukaryotic. Not all are saphro though
Which muscle cells are multinucleated?
skeletal
Reverse Transcriptase
RNA to DNA
What are the assumptions of Hardy?
Assuming a large populatoin, the gene pool will not change. No isolation. No net migration. No natural selection. No Mutation.
Where do we find exceptions to universality of genetic code?
Mito
Where do sperm mature after developing?
Epidydymis
What was the early atmosphere like?
NO O2.
Does the liver store glucose?
NO
What kind of food does a very hyperactive animal want to eat?
Something high in fat (most energy per g).
Hashimoto s Disease
an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes
Tay Sachs Disease
lysosomal defect
Diabetes insipidus is caused by?
insufficient ADH secretion
Does the TCA cycle occur in mito?
No. no mito.
What is purple in the body?
Rhodopsin.
Permeability in Ascending and Descending
Asc > Salts.
Desc > Water
Majority of energy production in bacteria?
ETC
Eccrine (Merocrine) Gland
major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin.[1]. They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water and NaC
Apocrine Gland
Secretions damage the cell a bit.
Holocrine Gland
Kills the cell from secretions
Nematocysts
the stinging cells in cnidarians
Cnidoblasts
specialized cells located in tentacles and body wall of coelenterates. Interior is filed with nematocysts.
Progeria
immature aging
Achondroplasia
bond deformed growth. One type of dwarfism.
What happens in the ligh reaction? dark reaction?
light = production of NADH dark = carbon fixation
Allopartic Speciation
new species from geographic isolation from parent species
What are chordates but not vertebrates?
Tunicates. Amophixos. Jawless Fish.
RNA polymerase proofreading function.
Not great. High rate of mutations.
Thick and thin filments in muscle?
Thin = actin (I band) Thick = myosin (only with H Band)
overlap = A band
Which kingdom does Green Algae belong to? Which Algae belongs in Monera
- Protista.
Blue green algae are Monera
Sporazoan
They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively[1] parasites of animals. They cause malaria, toxoplasma..
What are fibroblasts and what are their origin?
They secrete collagen and other connective tissues. They are created from mesenchymal cells.
What are associated with Fungi?
- Lichens
- Zygomycetes
- Basidomycetes
MYCETES” = mushroom. Funus.”
How much blood do we have?
6L
What catches the pollen?
The stigma.
What is the briefest mitotic stage?
Anaphase
When O2 increases binding, the term is?
Cooperativity
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Annelida
earthworms
IN protosomes, the first opening is?
Mouth
How much energy is lost per each trophic level?
10
How do purple or green algae survive?
Photo but final product is not O2.
If two species, they will reproduce?
Around the same time of the year.
Fern
- Vascular plants.
Spores are developed in sporangia, where clusters or SORI develop on lower surface of leaf.
R vs K selection.
R = quick reproduction. Less development.
K = opposite.
Higher level vs lower level
Agnostic behaviour
may develop if two animals conflict over mate or food
What uses alpha glucose? B glucose?
A: starch. Glycogen.
B: Cellulose
Myoglobin
No Quarternary structure since it is a single chain.
Capacitation
Acrosome Reaction
The different layers of the skin.
corneum. granulosum. germinativum.
Cori Cycle
lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is converted back to lactate.[1]
Where does the primary site of modifications like sulfate, etc. occur?
Golgi
What converts ATP to cAMP? How about cAMP to AMP?
ATP to cAMP: adenylate cyclase
cAMP to AMP: phosphodiesterase
Which eurkary kingdom does not have amnion sacs?
Amphibians.
Where are the mitochondria in sperm located?
in the Midpiece of the sperm.
What is included in the prostate fluid?
Slightly basic and fructose for energy,
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells.
Hypertrophy
INcrease in cell size of a tissue or organ
Metaplasia
a change from one cell type to another such as inflammation
All hormones are steroids.
FALSE> Insulin. pituitary.
List 3 characteristics of ruminant animals.
- Alkaline pH stomach
- 4 compartments
- can break down cellulose
Sporangia
the spore producing and spore containing structures of ferns, angios, gymnos, algae, fungi, and bryophytes
Volvox
Volvox is a genus of chlorophytes, a type of green algae. It forms spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. They live in a variety of freshwater
What is the longest stage of the cell cycle? What is the shortest stage?
G1. The resting phase.
M is the shortest stage.
Euglena
plant like since they have chloroplasts, but no cell wall. They are highly motile with a flagella.
Planaria
Flatworm that contains both female and male structures.
Rhizopus stolonifer
Spoiler of baked goods. Still a major problem for processed foods.
Cerevisae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast. But not moldy. It is for fermentation processes.
Candida albicans
involved in infections of mucous membranes.
Rhizopus
obligate parasite that depends on host
Appeasement behaviour.
allows dominant hierarchies will inhibit others from attacking.
NH4 - ionic compound or covalent?
Treat it like an ionic compound.
How much does oxygen take up in our body?
65%
Is Hg a good electric conductor?
Yes. Liquid metal.
Under what conditions do we have ideal gas behaviour?
High temperature, low pressure.
At what temperature does C = F?
-40
Allotropes
different forms of the same element. (diamond and granite)
Gay Lussac’s Law?
Charles Law?
P and T relationship with V constant.
V and T relationship with P constant
Are q and w state functions?
No, since they depend on a path.
What is the formula for osmotic pressure?
Molarity, Temperature, Van’t Hoff Factor
Disproportionation Reaction
one atom is simultaneously oxidized and reduced
How does temperature affect the constants?
It will affect Ka, Kb, Kw, Keq, Ksp. Nothing else will really affect this.
How does the enthalpy compare if the solution got colder?
ENDO
HOw does a catalyst affect the reaction rate constant?
Increases it
A great reduction potential means what kind of agent?
A better oxidizing agent,
What state is used in equilibrium calcs?
only Aq or g.
Graham s Law?
The speed of the gas (square root of MW of the denominator identity)
A gas dissolves under what conditions?
High P and low T
