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DAT destroyer Flashcards

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1
Q

State the relationship between double fertilization and Angiosperms

A

The egg must be fertilized and the nutritious tissue!

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2
Q

Determinate Cleavage vs Indeterminate Cleavage

A

Determinate refers to normal division into an embryo. Indeterminate results in identical twins.

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3
Q

Homologous structures vs Analagous Structures

A

analogous=similar in function but not evolutionary origin

homologous=similar in function and in evolutionary origin

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4
Q

What are the 3 laws of thermodynamics?

A
  1. Internal energy as a product of work or heat
  2. Irreversible Reactions. Entropy.
  3. Entropy is 0 at 0K.
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5
Q

What are the two poles of an embryo? Define the Gray Crescent.

A

Vegetal Pole. Animal Pole. Animal is where gastrulation is occurring or some fast divison of cells (lively). Gray Crescent refers to the opposite side of sperm penetration. It establishes the body axis.

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6
Q

define diapedesis.

A

The movement of WBCs across the tiny endothelial pores.

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7
Q

When is an embryo considered a fetus? What markers are there?

A

Myogenesis and neurogenesis have progressed to where the embryo is capable of motion, and the eyes begin to form. Organogenesis and growth continue. Hair has started to form along with all essential organs. Facial features are beginning to develop. At the end of the 8th week, the embryonic stage is over, and the fetal stage begins.[2]

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8
Q

Define the term for organ development.

A

Organogenesis.

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9
Q

Keratin

A

a fibrous protein in dead skin cells (stratified squamous). Present on many animal species. responsible for the skin being waterproof.

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10
Q

Where do all second order synapse to third order? Where do the third orders then extend into?

A

THALAMUS.

third order extends into the cortex of the brain.

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11
Q

How does a low pH affect the oxygen distribution curve? Same with an increased temperature.

A

We will see a shift to the left > the oxygen will dissociate at a lower partial pressure. Since we want that oxygen to be deposited faster.

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12
Q

Define Motor Unit

A

All the Muscle Fibres innervated from one nerve fiber

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13
Q

At some stage in development, all chordates have…

A

pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and a dorsal tubular nerve cord

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14
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Echinodermata

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15
Q

Monera is different from all other Kingdoms how?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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16
Q

Archenteron

A

The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula is known as the archenteron. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal.

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17
Q

Long term process of one ecosystem turning into another?

A

Ecological Succession

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18
Q

What are the two components of the placenta?

A

It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM.

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19
Q

what vertebrate lacks an allantois?

A

Fish.

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20
Q

What is the outcome of the allantois?

A

development of the umbilical cord.

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21
Q

What is produced after 10 turns of the Calvin Cycle?

A

20 PGAL

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22
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A

complex, coordinated innate behavioural responses from environmental stimuli. NOT a reflex.

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23
Q

Pioneer Organisms

A

inhabit harsh conditions. Eg. Lichens. Mosses usually follow lichens. THen grasses, then ferns, then birches.

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24
Q

Which type of plants have a dominant gametophyte stage?

A

Bryophytes.

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25
AGH. How do you convert K to C?
Subtract 273.
26
Compare the relative values of heat of vaporization and heat of fusion?
It takes more energy for liquid to gas than a solid to liquid. Move the particles more or have them bounce around more?
27
Hyperthyroidism would cause which symptoms?
increased HR, weight loss, protruding eyes. Hypo would cause cold intolerance.
28
Denitrifying bacteria
converts ammonia to nitrogen gas
29
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
nitrogen gas to nitrates
30
Nitrifying Bacteria
ammonia or nitrites to nitrates
31
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
Forebrain (Prosencephalon) is the diencephalon (prethalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and pretectum) and the telencephalon (cerebrum). Midbrain (mesencephalon ) Hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, medulla)
32
Inducible Operon vs Repressible Operon
Inducible = Lac operon. The repressor is constitutively bound until inducer binds to allosteric site. This induces transcription Repressible = co-repressor binds with repressor to bind to operator to block transcription.
33
Lewis Acid. Bronsted Acid. Arhennius acid.
``` Arhennius = Makes protons. Bronsted = Proton Donor Lewis = Electron Acceptor ```
34
Lewis, Bronsted, Arhennius Base
``` Arhennius = OH. Bronsted = H acceptor. Lewis = electron donor (think orgo) ```
35
With electricity question, it is a matter of which reaction takes up the most number of electrons.
REDOX reactions please.
36
What occurs with increased constriction of the efferent arteriole?
Increased filtration rate > the fluid slows down which allows for more reabsorption.
37
The vasculature of the liver?
The portal vein feeds the liver nutrients from the GI, but it does have its own hepatic artery and vein.
38
Where is erythropoietin secreted?
kidney
39
Importance of Ecdysone?
Regulates molting and metamorphosis in insects.
40
What is the concentration of WBC?
``` 60% - Neutro 25% - Lympho 15% - monocytes 9 - Eusino? 1% - Basophils ```
41
Compare urination and drinking for marine and fresh fish.
Fresh = urinate constantly. salt absorbed in gills. dont drink. Marine = urinate rarely. Isotonic urine. Drink constantly.
42
Cleavage
The series of mitotic divisions that follow fertilization
43
What trees are included under Gymnosperms and Angios?
Gymno > Spruce. Pine. Fir. | Angio > Maple, Oak
44
How do most bacteria reproduce?
Binary Fission
45
which biome lies below tundra?
Taiga
46
Where is the ribosome assembled?
Nucleolus
47
Turner Syndrome
one X
48
Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 18
49
Klinefelter
XXY
50
Cambium
the stem cells to create xylem and phloem
51
Tracheophytes
Vascular Plants (Stems and Leaves)
52
Nucleoside
Sugar and Nitrogen Base
53
Role of ethylene on plants?
Ripening
54
role of gibberellins
stem elongation and flowering
55
When do spindle fibres begin to form and centrioles separate?
Prophase.
56
Fungi.
Cell wall has chitin. Eukaryotic. Not all are saphro though
57
Which muscle cells are multinucleated?
skeletal
58
Reverse Transcriptase
RNA to DNA
59
What are the assumptions of Hardy?
Assuming a large populatoin, the gene pool will not change. No isolation. No net migration. No natural selection. No Mutation.
60
Where do we find exceptions to universality of genetic code?
Mito
61
Where do sperm mature after developing?
Epidydymis
62
What was the early atmosphere like?
NO O2.
63
Does the liver store glucose?
NO
64
What kind of food does a very hyperactive animal want to eat?
Something high in fat (most energy per g).
65
Hashimoto s Disease
an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes
66
Tay Sachs Disease
lysosomal defect
67
Diabetes insipidus is caused by?
insufficient ADH secretion
68
Does the TCA cycle occur in mito?
No. no mito.
69
What is purple in the body?
Rhodopsin.
70
Permeability in Ascending and Descending
Asc > Salts. | Desc > Water
71
Majority of energy production in bacteria?
ETC
72
Eccrine (Merocrine) Gland
major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin.[1]. They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water and NaC
73
Apocrine Gland
Secretions damage the cell a bit.
74
Holocrine Gland
Kills the cell from secretions
75
Nematocysts
the stinging cells in cnidarians
76
Cnidoblasts
specialized cells located in tentacles and body wall of coelenterates. Interior is filed with nematocysts.
77
Progeria
immature aging
78
Achondroplasia
bond deformed growth. One type of dwarfism.
79
What happens in the ligh reaction? dark reaction?
``` light = production of NADH dark = carbon fixation ```
80
Allopartic Speciation
new species from geographic isolation from parent species
81
What are chordates but not vertebrates?
Tunicates. Amophixos. Jawless Fish.
82
RNA polymerase proofreading function.
Not great. High rate of mutations.
83
Thick and thin filments in muscle?
``` Thin = actin (I band) Thick = myosin (only with H Band) ``` overlap = A band
84
Which kingdom does Green Algae belong to? Which Algae belongs in Monera
- Protista. Blue green algae are Monera
85
Sporazoan
They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively[1] parasites of animals. They cause malaria, toxoplasma..
86
What are fibroblasts and what are their origin?
They secrete collagen and other connective tissues. They are created from mesenchymal cells.
87
What are associated with Fungi?
1. Lichens 2. Zygomycetes 3. Basidomycetes MYCETES" = mushroom. Funus."
88
How much blood do we have?
6L
89
What catches the pollen?
The stigma.
90
What is the briefest mitotic stage?
Anaphase
91
When O2 increases binding, the term is?
Cooperativity
92
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
93
Annelida
earthworms
94
IN protosomes, the first opening is?
Mouth
95
How much energy is lost per each trophic level?
10
96
How do purple or green algae survive?
Photo but final product is not O2.
97
If two species, they will reproduce?
Around the same time of the year.
98
Fern
1. Vascular plants. | Spores are developed in sporangia, where clusters or SORI develop on lower surface of leaf.
99
R vs K selection.
R = quick reproduction. Less development. K = opposite. Higher level vs lower level
100
Agnostic behaviour
may develop if two animals conflict over mate or food
101
What uses alpha glucose? B glucose?
A: starch. Glycogen. B: Cellulose
102
Myoglobin
No Quarternary structure since it is a single chain.
103
Capacitation
Acrosome Reaction
104
The different layers of the skin.
corneum. granulosum. germinativum.
105
Cori Cycle
lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is converted back to lactate.[1]
106
Where does the primary site of modifications like sulfate, etc. occur?
Golgi
107
What converts ATP to cAMP? How about cAMP to AMP?
ATP to cAMP: adenylate cyclase | cAMP to AMP: phosphodiesterase
108
Which eurkary kingdom does not have amnion sacs?
Amphibians.
109
Where are the mitochondria in sperm located?
in the Midpiece of the sperm.
110
What is included in the prostate fluid?
Slightly basic and fructose for energy,
111
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells.
112
Hypertrophy
INcrease in cell size of a tissue or organ
113
Metaplasia
a change from one cell type to another such as inflammation
114
All hormones are steroids.
FALSE> Insulin. pituitary.
115
List 3 characteristics of ruminant animals.
1. Alkaline pH stomach 2. 4 compartments 3. can break down cellulose
116
Sporangia
the spore producing and spore containing structures of ferns, angios, gymnos, algae, fungi, and bryophytes
117
Volvox
Volvox is a genus of chlorophytes, a type of green algae. It forms spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. They live in a variety of freshwater
118
What is the longest stage of the cell cycle? What is the shortest stage?
G1. The resting phase. | M is the shortest stage.
119
Euglena
plant like since they have chloroplasts, but no cell wall. They are highly motile with a flagella.
120
Planaria
Flatworm that contains both female and male structures.
121
Rhizopus stolonifer
Spoiler of baked goods. Still a major problem for processed foods.
122
Cerevisae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast. But not moldy. It is for fermentation processes.
123
Candida albicans
involved in infections of mucous membranes.
124
Rhizopus
obligate parasite that depends on host
125
Appeasement behaviour.
allows dominant hierarchies will inhibit others from attacking.
126
NH4 - ionic compound or covalent?
Treat it like an ionic compound.
127
How much does oxygen take up in our body?
65%
128
Is Hg a good electric conductor?
Yes. Liquid metal.
129
Under what conditions do we have ideal gas behaviour?
High temperature, low pressure.
130
At what temperature does C = F?
-40
131
Allotropes
different forms of the same element. (diamond and granite)
132
Gay Lussac's Law? | Charles Law?
P and T relationship with V constant. V and T relationship with P constant
133
Are q and w state functions?
No, since they depend on a path.
134
What is the formula for osmotic pressure?
Molarity, Temperature, Van't Hoff Factor
135
Disproportionation Reaction
one atom is simultaneously oxidized and reduced
136
How does temperature affect the constants?
It will affect Ka, Kb, Kw, Keq, Ksp. Nothing else will really affect this.
137
How does the enthalpy compare if the solution got colder?
ENDO
138
HOw does a catalyst affect the reaction rate constant?
Increases it
139
A great reduction potential means what kind of agent?
A better oxidizing agent,
140
What state is used in equilibrium calcs?
only Aq or g.
141
Graham s Law?
The speed of the gas (square root of MW of the denominator identity)
142
A gas dissolves under what conditions?
High P and low T

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