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DAT Prep > DAT biology > Flashcards

DAT biology Flashcards

1
Q

catabolic rxn

A

breakdown of complex molecules

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2
Q

anabolic rxn

A

synthesis of complex molecules

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3
Q

four main groups of organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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4
Q

carbs are source of ______

A

energy

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5
Q

forms of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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6
Q

what is monosaccharide

A

single unit of sugar, monomer, serves as building block for larger molecules

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7
Q

define disaccharide

A

two sugar units joined by glycosidic linkages
product of condensation
can be converted back to monosaccharide via hydrolysis

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8
Q

define polysaccharide

A

series of monosasccharides attached together by gloycosidic linkages

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9
Q

what is starch

A

polymer of glucose
used for storage in plants
two types: Amylose and amylopectin

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10
Q

difference between amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose is a liner a-glucose polymer while amylopectin is a branched a-glucose polymer

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11
Q

glycogen

A

highly branched polymer of a-glucose

storage in animals

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12
Q

cellulose

A

linear B-glucose

used structurally in the walls of the plant

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13
Q

Chitin

A

polymer of nitrogen
attached B-glucose polymers
found in walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods

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14
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

fructose, glucose, Galactose

isomers of the CnH2nOn

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15
Q

Alpha vs Beta glucose

A

H and Oh are reversed on the first carbon

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16
Q

how many carbons is fructose and glucose compared to Ribose?

A

both are 6 whereas ribose is 5

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17
Q

what is condensation/dehydration

A

joining of two small molecules to make big one

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18
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

breakdown of bigger into smaller with the addition of water

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19
Q

Glucose +Fructose =?
Glucose +Glucose=?
Glucose +Galactose=?

A

sucrose
maltose
lactose

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20
Q

what kind of molecule are lipids

A

hydrophobic

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21
Q

functions of lipids

A

insulation
energy storage
structure
endocrine signaling

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22
Q

triglyceride/ triglycerol

A

glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids

found in fats and oils

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23
Q

composition of triglycerol

A

glycerol: 3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl groups

fatty acids: hydrocarbon chains with COOH which makes it either saturated or unsaturated

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24
Q

saturated fats

A

single bonds

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25
Q

unsaturated fats

A

one/more double bond
can be cis or trans
could be mono or poly

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26
Q

cis unsaturated fats

A

hydrocarbon is kinky and prevents tight packing

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27
Q

trans unsaturated fats

A

no kinks

straight tails

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28
Q

mono unsaturated

A

one or more double bonds between 2 carbons

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29
Q

poly unsaturated

A

two or more double bonds

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30
Q

what makes up most of the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids

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31
Q

what makes up the phospholipids

A

glycerol backbone
phosphate group
2 fatty acids

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32
Q

what is the R group attached to the phosphate

A

the R group on the phosphate varies since each serves a different function

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33
Q

phospholipids form a ______ ________, which is called____

A

lipid bilayer

cell membrane

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34
Q

Glycolipids composition

A

Glycerol backbone
carbohydrate( mono/oligo-saccharide)
2 fatty acids

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35
Q

where are the glycolipids found

A

on the outside surface of the plasma membrane

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36
Q

functions of glycolipids

A

varied functions…

are able to act as cell surface markers

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37
Q

Steroids composition

A

4 carbon ring backbone

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38
Q

what is cholesterol an example of and what is its function

A

example of a steroid

makes cell membrane more rigid and helps maintain structure

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39
Q

what is cholesterol a precursor to

A

vitamin D, bile and steroid hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

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40
Q

proteins

A

also called polypeptides

polymers of AA bonded covalently by peptide bonds

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41
Q

how many AA are there

A

20

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42
Q

Composition of Amino acid

A 
amino group (NH2)
carboxyl group(COOH)
hydrogen 
R group(varies)
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43
Q

what happens when AA undergo condensation rxn

A

they form polypeptides with two different ends, namely N-terminus and C-terminus and also one molecule of water

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44
Q

N-terminus

A

end of polypeptide terminating with AA group of first AA

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45
Q

C-terminus

A

End of polypeptide terminating with AA group of last AA

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46
Q

Primary protein

A

Linear polymer of AA sequence

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47
Q

secondary protein

A

3-d shape of polymer because of hydrogen bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent AA

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48
Q

two types of secondary proteins

A

alpha helices

Beta pleated sheets

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49
Q

secondary proteins structure is common in the_______

A

fibrous proteins

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50
Q

Most proteins have atleast _______ secondary structure

A

1

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51
Q

tertiary proteins

A

3d structure to further noncovalent interactions between AA R groups of secondary proteins which cause hydrophobic or hydrophilic regions

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52
Q

Name non covalent interactions

A 
ionic bonds 
van der wals 
disulfide bonds 
hydrogen bonds 
Hydrophobic effects
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53
Q

tertiary proteins are common in ______

A

globular proteins

54
Q

quaternary proteins

A

multiple polypeptide chains and hydrogen bonding forming complex structures

55
Q

what is native state

A

structure of operative and functional protein

56
Q

interaction above _______level(in protein) can be lost via denaturation

A

secondary

57
Q

Denaturation

A

caused by pH and temperature changes
could also be a denaturing agent
sometimes change can be reversed but if the change is too much then reversibility may not be an option

58
Q

Native state is encoded by the_______

A

primary protein structure

59
Q

name different kinds of proteins

A

storage
transportation
enzymes
immunity

60
Q

function of storage protein

A

stores AA

61
Q

function of transport protein

A

vesicles that transport materials in and out of cells

62
Q

function of immunity proteins

A

Protection against foreign particles

=Antibodies

63
Q

function of enzyme protein

A

serve as catalysts and regulate rate change in a rxn

64
Q

what are DNA and RNA composed of

A

nucleotides

65
Q

what is a nucleoside

A

5 carbon sugar

nitrogenous base

66
Q

nucleotide ?

A

5 carbon sugar(deoxy/ribose)
nitrogenous base
phosphate group

67
Q

what determines if it is RNA or DNA

A

the 5 carbon sugar
more specifically if the OH at the 2’ carbon=ribose
if H at the 2’ carbon=deoxyribose

68
Q

purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

2 ringed structure

69
Q

pyrimidine

A

thymine/uracil and cytosine

1 ringed structure

70
Q

what connects nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bonds

71
Q

5’ end

A

free phosphate group

72
Q

3’ end

A

free hydroxyl group

73
Q

how do phosphodiester bonds connect the nucleotides?

A

the phosphate of nucleotide A gets connected with the hydroxyl end of nucleotide B creating a backbone

74
Q

DNA

A

right handed
antiparallel
double stranded helix

75
Q

complimentary bases (DNA and RNA)

A 
A-T/U= 2 hydrogen bonds 
G-C= 3 hydrogen bonds
76
Q

RNA

A

single stranded nucleic acid synthesized from DNA

77
Q

cell theory?(4points)

A

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cells are basic unit of structure, function and organization in all organisms
All cells come from pre-existing living cells
Cells carry hereditary information

78
Q

Central dogma of genetics

A

DNA->RNA->Protein

79
Q

sometimes DNA can be converted into __ to function as ____

A

RNA

Ribozyme

80
Q

what is a ribozyme

A

RNA molecule which can act as an enzyme

81
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

refers to the idea that self replicating RNA molecules are like precursors to current life

82
Q

what can RNA do

A

store genetic info

catalyze chemical reactions

83
Q

is RNA or DNA more stable? which is better for storing info?

A

DNA

DNA

84
Q

endosymbiosis theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent before but then were engulfed by larger cells to form the first eukaryotic cell

85
Q

prokaryotic cells

A 
unicellular organisms 
no membrane bound organelles 
nucleoid 
single chromosome/ plasmid 
Anaerobic or aerobic metabolism
86
Q

tail like projections are for_____ ________________

A

cell movement

87
Q

prokaryotic projections?

A

flagella (flagellin proteins)

88
Q

eukaryotic projections?

A

flagella and cilia (tubulin subunits)

cilia arranged in a 9+2 fashion

89
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

uni/multicellular
membrane bound organelles
Large cells=larger ribosomes
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

90
Q

DNA

A

long and tightly packed chromosomes with histone proteins

91
Q

Autotrophic

A

primary producers

Able to synthesize complex molecules from simple compounds

92
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use light to synthesize carbohydrates via photosynthesis

93
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Synthesize organic compounds form inorganic substances via chemosynthesis

94
Q

Heterotroph

A

CONSUMERS

obtain energy from autotrophs or autotropic products

95
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

cant survive in oxygen

96
Q

obligate aerobes

A

need oxygen for survival

97
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

in the absence of oxygen can perform anaerobically

98
Q

organelles

A

compartmentalized subunits enclosed by membrane

99
Q

cytoplasm is made of ______

A

cytosol

100
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA

101
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

selectively permeable membrane of nucleus which has nuclear pores for regulation of traffic in and out of nucleus

102
Q

composition of nuclear membrane

A

contains 2 phospholipid bilayers with perinuclear space

103
Q

Nuclear lamina and its function

A

network of proteins under inner nuclear membrane
provides structural support
regulates mitosis

104
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

fluid within the nucleus

105
Q

nucleolus

A

region within nucleus where the assembly of both large and small ribosomes occurs
site for ribosomal synthesis

106
Q

ribosomes

A

site for protein synthesis
encoded in mRNA proteins
free floating(synthesis of protein) and on ER(synthesis of secreted proteins)

107
Q

rough ER

A

synthesis of protein designated for secretory pathway and plasma membrane

108
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesis of steroid hormones
detoxification of drugs and poison
in muscle cells stores Ca2+ for contraction

109
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

receives vesicles from rough ER, modifies it and the encapsulated protein
directed to other regions for extracellular secretions

110
Q

lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes that take part in intracellular digestion

111
Q

Autophagy

A

the digestion of old cells by lysosomes

112
Q

mitochondria

A

site of ATP synthesis and fatty acid catabolism via beta oxidation
contains its own circular DNA and ribosome

113
Q

peroxisomes

A

detoxifying organelle which converts hydrogen peroxide into water using catalase

114
Q

what are the specialized variations of the peroxisomes In the germinating plants called?

A

glyoxysome

115
Q

Vacuoles

A

storage vesicles found in various types

116
Q

transport vacuole

A

moves materials between and plasma membrane

117
Q

food vacuole

A

merge with lysosomes which break down food

118
Q

Storage vacuoles

A

plants store starch, pigments and toxic substances

119
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

in unicellular organisms that collect and pump out water via active transport to prevent bursting

120
Q

what kind of organisms have contractile vacuoles

A

organisms that live in hypotonic environments

121
Q

Central vacuoles

A

found in plants
fill most of the interior to maintain turgidity
stores nutrients
carries out functions performed by lysosomes in the animal cells

122
Q

name of specialized membrane in central vacuoles

A

tonoplast

123
Q

Cell wall

A

supports the cell
found as cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in bacteria, polysaccharides in some archea and protists
some have secondary wall under the primary one

124
Q

extracellular matrix

A

fibrous structural proteins , adhesion proteins and other materials secreted by cells which fill space between the adjacent cells

125
Q

function of ECM

A

provide mechanical support

help bind adjacent cells

126
Q

proteoglycans

A

act as shock absorbing cushions between cells

127
Q

collagen fibers

A

provide structural support to tissues

128
Q

Adhesive proteins

A

create network by binding proteoglycans and collagen and to cell surface receptors

129
Q

in what two ways do cells adhere to the ECM

A

FOCAL ADHESIONS -connection of ECM to actin filaments in the cell
HEMIDESMOSOMES- connection of ECM to the intermediate filament(ex. keratin)

130
Q

Collagen

A

major component of ECM and is secreted by animal cells

131
Q

Plastids

A

site of chemical synthesis and storage in plants, algae, and some eukaryotes.
undifferentiated plastids can become specialized

DAT Prep (1 decks)

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