DAT biology Flashcards
1
Q
catabolic rxn
A
breakdown of complex molecules
2
Q
anabolic rxn
A
synthesis of complex molecules
3
Q
four main groups of organic compounds
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
4
Q
carbs are source of ______
A
energy
5
Q
forms of carbohydrates?
A
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
6
Q
what is monosaccharide
A
single unit of sugar, monomer, serves as building block for larger molecules
7
Q
define disaccharide
A
two sugar units joined by glycosidic linkages
product of condensation
can be converted back to monosaccharide via hydrolysis
8
Q
define polysaccharide
A
series of monosasccharides attached together by gloycosidic linkages
9
Q
what is starch
A
polymer of glucose
used for storage in plants
two types: Amylose and amylopectin
10
Q
difference between amylose and amylopectin
A
Amylose is a liner a-glucose polymer while amylopectin is a branched a-glucose polymer
11
Q
glycogen
A
highly branched polymer of a-glucose
storage in animals
12
Q
cellulose
A
linear B-glucose
used structurally in the walls of the plant
13
Q
Chitin
A
polymer of nitrogen
attached B-glucose polymers
found in walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods
14
Q
examples of monosaccharides
A
fructose, glucose, Galactose
isomers of the CnH2nOn
15
Q
Alpha vs Beta glucose
A
H and Oh are reversed on the first carbon
16
Q
how many carbons is fructose and glucose compared to Ribose?
A
both are 6 whereas ribose is 5
17
Q
what is condensation/dehydration
A
joining of two small molecules to make big one
18
Q
what is hydrolysis
A
breakdown of bigger into smaller with the addition of water
19
Q
Glucose +Fructose =?
Glucose +Glucose=?
Glucose +Galactose=?
A
sucrose
maltose
lactose
20
Q
what kind of molecule are lipids
A
hydrophobic
21
Q
functions of lipids
A
insulation
energy storage
structure
endocrine signaling
22
Q
triglyceride/ triglycerol
A
glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
found in fats and oils
23
Q
composition of triglycerol
A
glycerol: 3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl groups
fatty acids: hydrocarbon chains with COOH which makes it either saturated or unsaturated
24
Q
saturated fats
A
single bonds
25
unsaturated fats
one/more double bond
can be cis or trans
could be mono or poly
26
cis unsaturated fats
hydrocarbon is kinky and prevents tight packing
27
trans unsaturated fats
no kinks
| straight tails
28
mono unsaturated
one or more double bonds between 2 carbons
29
poly unsaturated
two or more double bonds
30
what makes up most of the plasma membrane?
phospholipids
31
what makes up the phospholipids
glycerol backbone
phosphate group
2 fatty acids
32
what is the R group attached to the phosphate
the R group on the phosphate varies since each serves a different function
33
phospholipids form a ______ ________, which is called____
lipid bilayer
| cell membrane
34
Glycolipids composition
Glycerol backbone
carbohydrate( mono/oligo-saccharide)
2 fatty acids
35
where are the glycolipids found
on the outside surface of the plasma membrane
36
functions of glycolipids
varied functions...
| are able to act as cell surface markers
37
Steroids composition
4 carbon ring backbone
38
what is cholesterol an example of and what is its function
example of a steroid
| makes cell membrane more rigid and helps maintain structure
39
what is cholesterol a precursor to
vitamin D, bile and steroid hormones (testosterone and estrogen)
40
proteins
also called polypeptides
| polymers of AA bonded covalently by peptide bonds
41
how many AA are there
20
42
Composition of Amino acid
```
amino group (NH2)
carboxyl group(COOH)
hydrogen
R group(varies)
```
43
what happens when AA undergo condensation rxn
they form polypeptides with two different ends, namely N-terminus and C-terminus and also one molecule of water
44
N-terminus
end of polypeptide terminating with AA group of first AA
45
C-terminus
End of polypeptide terminating with AA group of last AA
46
Primary protein
Linear polymer of AA sequence
47
secondary protein
3-d shape of polymer because of hydrogen bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent AA
48
two types of secondary proteins
alpha helices
| Beta pleated sheets
49
secondary proteins structure is common in the_______
fibrous proteins
50
Most proteins have atleast _______ secondary structure
1
51
tertiary proteins
3d structure to further noncovalent interactions between AA R groups of secondary proteins which cause hydrophobic or hydrophilic regions
52
Name non covalent interactions
```
ionic bonds
van der wals
disulfide bonds
hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic effects
```
53
tertiary proteins are common in ______
globular proteins
54
quaternary proteins
multiple polypeptide chains and hydrogen bonding forming complex structures
55
what is native state
structure of operative and functional protein
56
interaction above _______level(in protein) can be lost via denaturation
secondary
57
Denaturation
caused by pH and temperature changes
could also be a denaturing agent
sometimes change can be reversed but if the change is too much then reversibility may not be an option
58
Native state is encoded by the_______
primary protein structure
59
name different kinds of proteins
storage
transportation
enzymes
immunity
60
function of storage protein
stores AA
61
function of transport protein
vesicles that transport materials in and out of cells
62
function of immunity proteins
Protection against foreign particles
| =Antibodies
63
function of enzyme protein
serve as catalysts and regulate rate change in a rxn
64
what are DNA and RNA composed of
nucleotides
65
what is a nucleoside
5 carbon sugar
| nitrogenous base
66
nucleotide ?
5 carbon sugar(deoxy/ribose)
nitrogenous base
phosphate group
67
what determines if it is RNA or DNA
the 5 carbon sugar
more specifically if the OH at the 2' carbon=ribose
if H at the 2' carbon=deoxyribose
68
purines
Adenine and Guanine
| 2 ringed structure
69
pyrimidine
thymine/uracil and cytosine
| 1 ringed structure
70
what connects nucleotides?
phosphodiester bonds
71
5' end
free phosphate group
72
3' end
free hydroxyl group
73
how do phosphodiester bonds connect the nucleotides?
the phosphate of nucleotide A gets connected with the hydroxyl end of nucleotide B creating a backbone
74
DNA
right handed
antiparallel
double stranded helix
75
complimentary bases (DNA and RNA)
```
A-T/U= 2 hydrogen bonds
G-C= 3 hydrogen bonds
```
76
RNA
single stranded nucleic acid synthesized from DNA
77
cell theory?(4points)
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cells are basic unit of structure, function and organization in all organisms
All cells come from pre-existing living cells
Cells carry hereditary information
78
Central dogma of genetics
DNA->RNA->Protein
79
sometimes DNA can be converted into __ to function as ____
RNA
| Ribozyme
80
what is a ribozyme
RNA molecule which can act as an enzyme
81
RNA world hypothesis
refers to the idea that self replicating RNA molecules are like precursors to current life
82
what can RNA do
store genetic info
| catalyze chemical reactions
83
is RNA or DNA more stable? which is better for storing info?
DNA
| DNA
84
endosymbiosis theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent before but then were engulfed by larger cells to form the first eukaryotic cell
85
prokaryotic cells
```
unicellular organisms
no membrane bound organelles
nucleoid
single chromosome/ plasmid
Anaerobic or aerobic metabolism
```
86
tail like projections are for_____ ________________
cell movement
87
prokaryotic projections?
flagella (flagellin proteins)
88
eukaryotic projections?
flagella and cilia (tubulin subunits)
| cilia arranged in a 9+2 fashion
89
Eukaryotic cells
uni/multicellular
membrane bound organelles
Large cells=larger ribosomes
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
90
DNA
long and tightly packed chromosomes with histone proteins
91
Autotrophic
primary producers
| Able to synthesize complex molecules from simple compounds
92
Photoautotrophs
use light to synthesize carbohydrates via photosynthesis
93
Chemoautotrophs
Synthesize organic compounds form inorganic substances via chemosynthesis
94
Heterotroph
CONSUMERS
| obtain energy from autotrophs or autotropic products
95
Obligate anaerobes
cant survive in oxygen
96
obligate aerobes
need oxygen for survival
97
facultative anaerobes
in the absence of oxygen can perform anaerobically
98
organelles
compartmentalized subunits enclosed by membrane
99
cytoplasm is made of ______
cytosol
100
Nucleus
contains DNA
101
Nuclear envelope
selectively permeable membrane of nucleus which has nuclear pores for regulation of traffic in and out of nucleus
102
composition of nuclear membrane
contains 2 phospholipid bilayers with perinuclear space
103
Nuclear lamina and its function
network of proteins under inner nuclear membrane
provides structural support
regulates mitosis
104
Nucleoplasm
fluid within the nucleus
105
nucleolus
region within nucleus where the assembly of both large and small ribosomes occurs
site for ribosomal synthesis
106
ribosomes
site for protein synthesis
encoded in mRNA proteins
free floating(synthesis of protein) and on ER(synthesis of secreted proteins)
107
rough ER
synthesis of protein designated for secretory pathway and plasma membrane
108
Smooth ER
synthesis of steroid hormones
detoxification of drugs and poison
in muscle cells stores Ca2+ for contraction
109
Golgi apparatus
receives vesicles from rough ER, modifies it and the encapsulated protein
directed to other regions for extracellular secretions
110
lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes that take part in intracellular digestion
111
Autophagy
the digestion of old cells by lysosomes
112
mitochondria
site of ATP synthesis and fatty acid catabolism via beta oxidation
contains its own circular DNA and ribosome
113
peroxisomes
detoxifying organelle which converts hydrogen peroxide into water using catalase
114
what are the specialized variations of the peroxisomes In the germinating plants called?
glyoxysome
115
Vacuoles
storage vesicles found in various types
116
transport vacuole
moves materials between and plasma membrane
117
food vacuole
merge with lysosomes which break down food
118
Storage vacuoles
plants store starch, pigments and toxic substances
119
Contractile vacuole
in unicellular organisms that collect and pump out water via active transport to prevent bursting
120
what kind of organisms have contractile vacuoles
organisms that live in hypotonic environments
121
Central vacuoles
found in plants
fill most of the interior to maintain turgidity
stores nutrients
carries out functions performed by lysosomes in the animal cells
122
name of specialized membrane in central vacuoles
tonoplast
123
Cell wall
supports the cell
found as cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in bacteria, polysaccharides in some archea and protists
some have secondary wall under the primary one
124
extracellular matrix
fibrous structural proteins , adhesion proteins and other materials secreted by cells which fill space between the adjacent cells
125
function of ECM
provide mechanical support
| help bind adjacent cells
126
proteoglycans
act as shock absorbing cushions between cells
127
collagen fibers
provide structural support to tissues
128
Adhesive proteins
create network by binding proteoglycans and collagen and to cell surface receptors
129
in what two ways do cells adhere to the ECM
FOCAL ADHESIONS -connection of ECM to actin filaments in the cell
HEMIDESMOSOMES- connection of ECM to the intermediate filament(ex. keratin)
130
Collagen
major component of ECM and is secreted by animal cells
131
Plastids
site of chemical synthesis and storage in plants, algae, and some eukaryotes.
undifferentiated plastids can become specialized
