DAT Bio Ch. 1

Question 1

any substance that takes up space and has mass is called _____

Answer 1

matter

Question 2

matter is composed of what?

Answer 2

elements

Question 3

an _____ has specific chemical and physical properties

Answer 3

element

Question 4

an _____ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains all the chemical properties of an element

Answer 4

atom

Question 5

can an atom break-down into something smaller, while still retaining the properties of the original element?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

molecules result whenever _____ atoms join together

Answer 6

2 or more

Question 7

what atoms does carbon tend to bond with in an organic molecule?

Answer 7

hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen

Question 8

_____ are molecules that contain more than one element

Answer 8

compounds

Question 9

what are the strong attractive forces that hold atoms within a molecule?

Answer 9

intramolecular forces

Question 10

which type of force exists between molecules?

Answer 10

intermolecular forces

Question 11

which type of force is weaker… intra- or intermolecular?

Answer 11

intermolecular

Question 12

which type of force (intra-/intermolecular) determines physical properties?

Answer 12

intermolecular

Question 13

_____ are molecules that have the potential of bonding to other identical molecules through chemical reactions

Answer 13

monomers

Question 14

_____ is the process when monomers bond together, and it forms _____

Answer 14

polymerization; polymers

Question 15

_____ are substances that have a large # of monomers bonded together

Answer 15

polymers

Question 16

what are the 3 varieties of carbohydrates?

Answer 16

monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides

Question 17

monosaccharides have a ratio of precisely _____ to a water molecule, and they have the empirical formula _____

Answer 17

1 carbon; (CH2O)n

Question 18

5 carbon monosaccharides are called _____

Answer 18

pentoses

Question 19

6 carbon monosaccharides are called _____

Answer 19

hexoses

Question 20

a sugar molecule is classified as alpha if the OH group points _____ on the first carbon

Answer 20

down

Question 21

a sugar molecule is classified as beta if the OH group points _____ on the first carbon

Answer 21

up

Question 22

ribose is a _____ sugar (monosaccharide)

Answer 22

pentose

Question 23

glucose and fructose are _____ sugars (monosaccharides)

Answer 23

hexose

Question 24

glucose and fructose are _____ of each other

Answer 24

isomers

Question 25

what type of carbohydrate results when 2 monosaccharides bond together?

Answer 25

disaccharide

Question 26

_____ bring monosaccharides together

Answer 26

dehydration/condensation reactions

Question 27

what functional groups/atoms react in a dehydration/condensation reaction?

Answer 27

hydroxyl (OH) + hydrogen (H)

Question 28

what is formed and what is released in a condensation/ dehydration/condensation reaction?

Answer 28

covalent bond formation; release of H2O

Question 29

what is the opposite of a condensation/dehydration reaction - why?

Answer 29

hydrolysis reaction; adds H2O to a covalent bond to split monomers apart

Question 30

what is the name of the bond that occurs when a carbohydrate bonds to another molecule?

Answer 30

glycosidic

Question 31

carbohydrates linked to lipids are known as _____

Answer 31

glycolipids

Question 32

carbohydrates linked to proteins are known as _____

Answer 32

glycoproteins

Question 33

the disaccharide _____ is table sugar

Answer 33

sucrose

Question 34

which disaccharide contains 1 glucose and 1 fructose?

Answer 34

sucrose

Question 35

which disaccharide contains 1 galactose and 1 glucose?

Answer 35

lactose

Question 36

which disaccharide contains 2 glucoses?

Answer 36

maltose

Question 37

polysaccharides are long polymers of _____

Answer 37

monosaccharides

Question 38

_____ may or may not have branching

Answer 38

polysaccharides

Question 39

some polysaccharides are for _____, and others are for _____.

Answer 39

storage, structure

Question 40

_____ is a crucial storage polysaccharide in plants

Answer 40

starch

Question 41

starch contains many _____ monomers in linear forms as well as branched forms

Answer 41

glucose

Question 42

linear plant starch is called _____

Answer 42

amylose

Question 43

what type of glycosidic bonds are in amylose?

Answer 43

α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

Question 44

what is amylopectin?

Answer 44

branched form of plant starch

Question 45

what type of glycosidic bonds are in amylopectin?

Answer 45

α-1,4-glycosidic (linear)

Question 46

_____ is a storage polysaccharide found in humans

Answer 46

glycogen

Question 47

glycogen contains many _____ monomers

Answer 47

glucose

Question 48

is amylopectin or glycogen more branched?

Answer 48

glycogen

Question 49

what type of bonds does glycogen have?

Answer 49

α-1,4-glycosidic (linear)

Question 50

which type of human tissues store glycogen?

Answer 50

liver (mostly); muscles

Question 51

name two alpha-glucose polysaccharides

Answer 51

starch, glycogen

Question 52

_____ is a structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls, wood, and paper

Answer 52

cellulose

Question 53

cellulose is a _____ polymer

Answer 53

glucose

Question 54

what type of bonds does cellulose contain - what do they do?

Answer 54

β-1,4-glycosidic; allow cellulose to linear strands that pack together in parallel

Question 55

what type of intermolecular force holds adjacent cellulose strands together in parallel?

Answer 55

hydrogen bonds

Question 56

cellulose’s structure gives it a high _____

Answer 56

rigidity

Question 57

can humans digest cellulose?

Answer 57

no - it passes through the digestive tract as fiber

Question 58

chitin is a _____ polysaccharide

Answer 58

structural

Question 59

chitin is found in _____ cell walls and _____ exoskeletons

Answer 59

fungal; insect

Question 60

chitin is a structural polysaccharide of _____ monomers

Answer 60

N-acetylglucosamine

Question 61

what type of bonds are in chitin?

Answer 61

β-1,4-glycosidic

Question 62

chitin looks a lot like _____

Answer 62

cellulose

Question 63

name two beta-glucose polysaccharides

Answer 63

cellulose, chitin

Question 64

proteins contain polymers called _____

Answer 64

polypeptides

Question 65

polypeptides are polymers of _____ monomers

Answer 65

amino acid

Question 66

in an amino acid, what 4 things is the central carbon bonded to?

Answer 66

H, NH2, COOH, R

Question 67

how many amino acids are there?

Answer 67

20

Question 68

amino acids in a polypeptide are linked by _____ covalent bonds

Answer 68

peptide

Question 69

how do amino acids form peptide bonds with one another?

Answer 69

dehydration/condensation reactions

Question 70

which type of reactions separate the amino acids of a polypeptide?

Answer 70

hydrolysis

Question 71

a peptide bond is an _____ bond involving amino acids

Answer 71

amide

Question 72

amide/peptide bonds occur between _____ and _____ functional groups

Answer 72

NH2; COOH

Question 73

what enzymes catalyze peptide bond formation?

Answer 73

peptidyl transferases

Question 74

peptidyl transferases are _____ transferases

Answer 74

aminoacyl

Question 75

polypeptides have an _____ and _____ terminus

Answer 75

amino (N-); carboxyl (C-)

Question 76

the _____ structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence

Answer 76

primary

Question 77

all proteins have _____ structure

Answer 77

primary

Question 78

the _____ structure of a protein is the 3D shape from intermolecular forces between the polypeptide backbone

Answer 78

secondary

Question 79

the _____ is the amino acid structural features other than the R-group

Answer 79

polypeptide backbone

Question 80

does secondary structure include interactions between R-group atoms?

Answer 80

no

Question 81

which level of protein structure includes alpha helix and beta sheet?

Answer 81

secondary

Question 82

what is the most common type of intermolecular force for secondary structure?

Answer 82

H-bonds

Question 83

the _____ structure is the 3D structure due to non-covalent interactions between amino acid R-groups

Answer 83

tertiary

Question 84

what are the common interactions between R-groups in tertiary structure?

Answer 84

ionic; hydrogen; dipole-dipole; van der Waal; hydrophobic; disulfide

Question 85

what is the “covalent exception” in tertiary structure?

Answer 85

disulfide bonds

Question 86

which amino acids allows disulfide bond formation?

Answer 86

cysteine

Question 87

the _____ structure of a protein is the 3D structure from the grouping of two or more separate polypeptides

Answer 87

quaternary

Question 88

while there are multiple polypeptide chains in quaternary structure, they function as _____

Answer 88

1 protein

Question 89

what are 3 structural classifications of proteins?

Answer 89

fibrous; globular; intermediate

Question 90

fibrous structural proteins are (soluble/insoluble)

Answer 90

insoluble

Question 91

fibrous structural proteins are long polymer _____

Answer 91

fibers/sheets

Question 92

_____ form the structural components of cells

Answer 92

fibrous structural proteins

Question 93

what is an example of a fibrous structural protein?

Answer 93

collagen

Question 94

globular structural proteins are (soluble/insoluble)

Answer 94

soluble

Question 95

_____ structural proteins are folded tightly and perform many functions

Answer 95

globular

Question 96

what is an example of a globular structural protein?

Answer 96

albumin

Question 97

intermediate structural proteins are (soluble/insoluble)

Answer 97

soluble

Question 98

_____ structural proteins are fiber-shaped and perform many functions

Answer 98

intermediate

Question 99

what is an example of a intermediate structural protein?

Answer 99

fibrinogen

Question 100

what are 2 compositional protein classifications?

Answer 100

simple; conjugated

Question 101

simple protein compositions contain only _____

Answer 101

amino acids

Question 102

conjugated protein compositions contain _____

Answer 102

amino acids + non-protein components

Question 103

what are some examples of conjugated proteins?

Answer 103

glycoproteins (mucin); metalloproteins (hemoglobin); lipoproteins (LDL/HDL)

Question 104

_____ causes proteins to lose their secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Answer 104

protein denaturation

Question 105

denatured proteins retain their _____ structure

Answer 105

primary

Question 106

loss of _____ leads to a loss of protein function

Answer 106

shape

Question 107

what are some causes of protein denaturation?

Answer 107

excess temperature, chemicals, pH changes, radiation

Question 108

_____ are molecules that increase reaction rates

Answer 108

catalysts

Question 109

despite speeding up reactions, catalysts do not affect the _____ of a reaction

Answer 109

spontaneity

Question 110

_____ are not used up by the reactions they manipulate, meaning the reaction does not change them

Answer 110

catalysts

Question 111

catalysts lower _____ to speed reactions

Answer 111

activation energies/transition state energies

Question 112

_____ do not change energy absorbing reactions to energy releasing ones, or vice versa

Answer 112

catalysts

Question 113

catalysts do not affect the energy of _____ or _____

Answer 113

reactants; products

Question 114

_____ are biological, globular protein (usually) catalysts

Answer 114

enzymes

Question 115

substrates bind to enzymes at the _____

Answer 115

active site

Question 116

not all enzymes are proteins - give an example of an RNA enzyme:

Answer 116

ribozymes

Question 117

active sites have unique properties and _____

Answer 117

substrate specificity

Question 118

the _____ measures how efficient an enzyme is in converting substrate to product

Answer 118

specificity constant

Question 119

enzymes bind at the active site via the _____ fit model

Answer 119

induced

Question 120

non-protein molecules that assist enzymes

Answer 120

cofactors

Question 121

cofactors usually help enzymes by donating/accepting some reaction component, like _____

Answer 121

electrons

Question 122

what are organic cofactors (e.g. vitamins)?

Answer 122

coenzymes

Question 123

inorganic cofactors are usually _____

Answer 123

metal ions

Question 124

_____ refer to enzymes that are bound to their cofactor

Answer 124

holoenzymes

Question 125

what is an apoenzyme?

Answer 125

an enzyme that is lacking (not bound to) its cofactor

Question 126

cofactors that tightly/covalently bind to their enzyme are known as _____

Answer 126

prosthetic groups

Question 127

enzyme efficiency is determined by _____ and _____

Answer 127

temperature; pH

Question 128

_____ is a form of enzyme regulation, where inhibitors compete with substrates for active sites

Answer 128

competitive inhibition

Question 129

we can outcompete a competitive inhibitor by adding more _____

Answer 129

substrate

Question 130

what is enzyme saturation?

Answer 130

all active sites are occupied

Question 131

_____ is when an inhibitor binds to the allosteric site

Answer 131

noncompetitive inhibition

Question 132

what is an allosteric site?

Answer 132

a different location that is not the active site of enzyme catalysis

Question 133

a noncompetitive inhibitor binding to the allosteric site modifies the _____ so that the substrate has reduced binding or cannot bind

Answer 133

active site

Question 134

enzymes that have both an active site and an allosteric site

Answer 134

allosteric enzymes

Question 135

a molecule that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site and affects its activity

Answer 135

allosteric effector

Question 136

we cannot _____ allosteric inhibitors by adding more substrate

Answer 136

outcompete

Question 137

the rate of enzyme catalysis is unaffected by increasing the substrate concentration in _____

Answer 137

noncompetitive inhibition

Question 138

_____ is the substrate concentration at 50% of Vmax

Answer 138

Michaelis Constant (Km)

Question 139

a _____ Km indicates that Vmax is reached at low substrate concentrations

Answer 139

small

Question 140

a _____ Km indicates that Vmax is reached at high substrate concentrations

Answer 140

large

Question 141

in competitive inhibition, Km is raised but Vmax _____

Answer 141

remains the same

Question 142

in noncompetitive inhibition, Km stays the same but Vmax _____

Answer 142

is lowered

Question 143

lipids are _____, non-polar molecules

Answer 143

hydrophobic

Question 144

_____ store energy; insulation; cell membranes; endocrine

Answer 144

lipids

Question 145

what are the components of a triglyceride?

Answer 145

three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone

Question 146

what are adipocytes?

Answer 146

specialized fat cells that house triglycerides

Question 147

triglycerides are produced by _____ reactions

Answer 147

dehydration/condensation

Question 148

which groups of which molecules react to form a triglyceride?

Answer 148

glycerol (H)

Question 149

what type of bonds exist between glycerol/fatty acids in a triglyceride?

Answer 149

ester

Question 150

addition of H2O to a triglyceride’s esters will break the fatty acids off the glycerol backbone by a _____ reaction

Answer 150

hydrolysis

Question 151

_____ fatty acids have no double bonds

Answer 151

saturated

Question 152

saturated fatty acids form _____, stacked chains

Answer 152

straight

Question 153

saturated fatty acids tend to be _____ at room temperature

Answer 153

solid

Question 154

_____ fatty acids can possess 1 (or more) double bonds

Answer 154

unsaturated

Question 155

_____ fatty acids have 1 double bond

Answer 155

monounsaturated

Question 156

polyunsaturated fatty acids have _____ double bonds

Answer 156

2 or more

Question 157

cis-unsaturated fatty acids create _____ in the fatty acid chain, meaning they do not pack tightly

Answer 157

kinks

Question 158

cis-unsaturated fats tend to be _____ at room temperature

Answer 158

liquid

Question 159

trans-unsaturated fatty acids pack together _____, and they are very bad for health

Answer 159

tightly

Question 160

_____ are a unique type of lipid (fat) in cell membranes

Answer 160

phospholipids

Question 161

what are the components of a phospholipid?

Answer 161

2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group attached to 1 glycerol backbone

Question 162

phospholipids are _____, meaning they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

Answer 162

amphipathic

Question 163

_____ are like phospholipids but with a carbohydrate group rather than a phosphate group

Answer 163

glycolipids

Question 164

cell membranes form through _____ of phospholipids

Answer 164

self-assembly

Question 165

_____ is another class of lipid that makes up around 30-50% of a eukaryotic cell membrane

Answer 165

cholesterol

Question 166

cholesterol contains _____ hydrocarbon rings and is also amphipathic

Answer 166

four

Question 167

what are the factors that modulate membrane fluidity?

Answer 167

temperature; cholesterol; degree of unsaturation in phospholipid fatty acid tails

Question 168

what maintains membrane fluidity in the cold?

Answer 168

increasing phospholipid unsaturation; cholesterol

Question 169

what maintains membrane fluidity in the heat?

Answer 169

decreasing phospholipid unsaturation; cholesterol

Question 170

the _____ makes cholesterol, and we can also get it from the _____

Answer 170

liver; diet

Question 171

cholesterol is a precursor to vitamin _____ and _____ acids

Answer 171

D; bile

Question 172

_____ is a precursor to steroids

Answer 172

cholesterol

Question 173

describe the general structure of a steroid:

Answer 173

fused 4 ring structure (3 cyclohexanes & 1 cyclopentane)

Question 174

_____ are used as hormones and are a structural component of membranes (cholesterol)

Answer 174

steroids

Question 175

lipids are insoluble and must be transported through the blood by _____

Answer 175

lipoproteins

Question 176

lipoproteins contain a _____ of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

Answer 176

coat

Question 177

lipoproteins contain a _____ that contains more cholesterol and triglycerides

Answer 177

lipid core

Question 178

_____ (lipoproteins) have a low density of proteins and are generally considered unhealthy

Answer 178

low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

Question 179

_____ (lipoproteins) have a high density of proteins and are generally considered to be healthy

Answer 179

high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Question 180

waxes & carotenoids are _____ derivatives

Answer 180

lipid

Question 181

esters of fatty acids and monohydroxy alcohols

Answer 181

waxes

Question 182

waxes are used as a _____, protective coating

Answer 182

hydrophobic

Question 183

carotenoid structure:

Answer 183

fatty acid carbon chains with conjugated double bounds and 6-membered rings at each end

Question 184

carotenoid function:

Answer 184

pigments, which produce colors in plants and animals

Question 185

what are 2 common nucleic acids to know?

Answer 185

DNA; RNA

Question 186

_____ have a pentose sugar attached to a nitrogenous base

Answer 186

nucleosides

Question 187

a _____ is a pentose sugar attached to a nitrogenous base and a single phosphate group

Answer 187

nucleotide

Question 188

nucleic acids are polymers made of _____

Answer 188

nucleotides

Question 189

nucleoside diphosphate

Answer 189

sugar + base + 2 phosphates

Question 190

nucleoside triphosphate

Answer 190

sugar + base + 3 phosphates

Question 191

what are the 4 possible bases of a DNA nucleotide?

Answer 191

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Question 192

what are the 4 possible bases of a RNA nucleotide?

Answer 192

adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

Question 193

nucleotides can be further categorized depending on their nitrogen base as a _____ or _____

Answer 193

purine; pyrimidine

Question 194

_____ bases have 2 rings

Answer 194

purine

Question 195

_____ bases have 1 ring

Answer 195

pyrimidine

Question 196

Adenine and Guanine have 2 rings and are classified as _____

Answer 196

PURines

Question 197

Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine have 1 ring and are classified as _____

Answer 197

pyrimidines

Question 198

_____ nucleotides have ribose sugars with a hydroxyl on the 2’ carbon

Answer 198

RNA

Question 199

_____ nucleotides have deoxyribose sugars without a hydroxyl on the 2’ carbon

Answer 199

DNA

Question 200

RNA is more reactive (less stable) than DNA because of its _____

Answer 200

2’ hydroxyl

Question 201

_____ groups attach to the nucleotide sugar at the 5’ carbon

Answer 201

phosphate

Question 202

5’ _____ of one nucleotide connect to the 3’ _____ of another nucleotide in nucleic acids

Answer 202

phosphates; hydroxyl

Question 203

bonding between a 5’ phosphate and a 3’ hydroxyl creates a _____ bond in nucleic acids

Answer 203

phosphodiester

Question 204

what creates the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acid?

Answer 204

phosphodiester bonds

Question 205

nucleic acids have _____, with a 5’ and 3’ end

Answer 205

directionality

Question 206

_____ add to growing nucleic acid polymers by losing two phosphates (as _____)

Answer 206

nucleoside triphosphates; pyrophosphate

Question 207

DNA manifests as a _____, _____ helix

Answer 207

antiparallel; double-stranded

Question 208

purines can only H-bond to _____

Answer 208

pyrimidines

Question 209

pyrimidines can only H-bond to _____

Answer 209

purines

Question 210

adenine and thymine (or uracil) pair together via _____ hydrogen bonds

Answer 210

2

Question 211

cytosine and guanine pair together via _____ hydrogen bonds

Answer 211

3

Question 212

unlike DNA, RNA is usually _____ stranded

Answer 212

single

Question 213

what are the 3 fundamental statements of the cell theory?

Answer 213

all lifeforms have 1 or more cells; cells are the most simple unit of life; cells come from other cells

Question 214

does the cell-theory apply to viruses?

Answer 214

no - they are not living cells

Question 215

the central dogma of genetics states that information flows from _____ to _____ to _____

Answer 215

DNA; RNA; proteins

Question 216

an exception to the central dogma of genetics are _____, mis-folded proteins that cause other proteins to mis-fold

Answer 216

prions

Question 217

what is the hypothesis for the creation of the first cell as we know it?

Answer 217

the RNA world hypothesis

Question 218

the RNA world hypothesis suggests that self-replicating _____ molecules were the precursor to current life

Answer 218

RNA

Question 219

what are 2 central facts that support the RNA world hypothesis?

Answer 219

RNA can: store genetic information like DNA; catalyze chemical reactions like proteins